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Semiconductor Device Fabrication
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photolithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.

The entire manufacturing process, from start to packaged chips ready for shipment, takes six to eight weeks and is performed in highly specialized facilities referred to as fabs.

List of steps

This is a list of processing techniques that are employed numerous times in a modern electronic device and do not necessarily imply a specific order.

Wafer processing
Wet cleans
Photolithography
Ion implantation (in which dopants are embedded in the wafer creating regions of increased (or decreased)
conductivity)
Dry etching
Wet etching
Plasma ashing

Thermal treatments
    Rapid thermal anneal
    Furnace anneals
    Thermal oxidation
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
Electrochemical deposition (ECD). See Electroplating
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP)
Wafer testing (where the electrical performance is verified)
Wafer backgrinding (to reduce the thickness of the wafer so the resulting chip can be put into a thin device like a smartcard or PCMCIA card.)
Die preparation
    Wafer mounting
    Die cutting
IC packaging
Die attachment
IC bonding
    Wire bonding
    Thermosonic bonding
    Flip chip
    Wafer bonding
    Tab bonding
IC encapsulation
    Baking
    Plating
    Lasermarking
    Trim and form
IC testing

Hazardous materials

Many toxic materials are used in the fabrication process.These include:

poisonous elemental dopants such as arsenic, antimony and phosphorus poisonous compounds like arsine, phosphine and silane highly reactive liquids, such as hydrogen peroxide, fuming nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid

It is vital that workers not be directly exposed to these dangerous substances. The high degree of automation common in the IC fabrication industry helps to reduce the risks of exposure of this sort. Most fabrication facilities employ exhaust management systems, such as wet scrubbers, combustors, heated absorber cartridges etc., to control the risk to workers and also the environment if these toxic materials are released into the atmosphere.