Failure to thrive
| ICD-10 | R62.8 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 783.41, 783.7 |
| MedlinePlus | 000991 |
| eMedicine | ped/738 |
| MeSH | D005183 |
Failure to thrive (FTT) is a medical term[1] used in both pediatric and adult human medicine, as well as veterinary medicine (where it is also referred to as ill thrift).
When not more precisely defined, the term refers to pediatric patients. In MeSH, the term is assumed to refer to an infant or child.[2] In children, it is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the weight.[3]
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[edit] Infantile/pediatric failure to thrive
As used by pediatricians, it covers poor physical growth of any cause and does not imply abnormal intellectual, social, or emotional development, although of course it can subsequently be a cause of such pathologies. The term has been used in different ways,[4] and different objective standards have been defined.[5][6] Many definitions use the 5th percentile as a cutoff.[7]
Traditionally, causes of FTT have been divided into endogenous and exogenous causes. Initial investigation should consider physical causes, calorie intake and psychosocial assessment.
- endogenous (or "organic"): Causes are due to physical or mental issues with the child himself. It can include various inborn error of metabolism. Problems with the gastrointestinal system such as gas and acid reflux are painful conditions which may make the child unwilling to take in sufficient nutrition. Cystic fibrosis, diarrhea, liver disease, and celiac disease make it more difficult for the body to absorb nutrition. Other causes include physical deformities such as cleft palate and tongue tie. Milk allergies can cause endogenous FTT. Also the metabolism may be raised by parasites, asthma, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other fever-inducing infections, or heart disease so that it becomes difficult to get in sufficient calories to meet the higher caloric demands.
- exogenous (or "nonorganic"): Caused by caregiver's actions. Examples include physical inability to produce enough breastmilk, using only babies' cues to regulate breastfeeding so as to not offer a sufficient numbers of feeds (sleepy baby syndrome),[8], inability to procure formula when needed, purposely limiting total caloric intake (often for what the caregiver views as a more aesthetically pleasing child), and not offering sufficient age-appropriate solid foods for babies and toddlers over the age of 6 months.
- Mixed: However, to think of the terms as dichotomous can be misleading, since both endogenous and exogenous factors may co-exist. For instance a child who is not getting sufficient nutrition may act content so that caregivers do not offer feedings of sufficient frequency or volume, and a child with severe acid reflux who appears to be in pain while eating may make a caregiver hesitant to offer sufficient feedings.
Recently the term 'faltering growth' has become a popular replacement for 'failure to thrive', which in the minds of some represents a more euphemistic term.[citation needed]
[edit] Adult/geriatric failure to thrive
The term "failure to thrive" is also applied to geriatrics, or more generally in adult medicine.[9][10]
In adult medicine, failure to thrive is a descriptive, non-specific term that encompasses "not doing well": e.g. malaise, weight loss, poor self-care that can be seen in elderly individuals.
[edit] References
- ^ "failure to thrive" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Failure+to+Thrive at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ "Failure to Thrive: Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Children: Merck Manual Professional". http://155.91.16.2/mmpe/sec19/ch286/ch286b.html. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ Hughes I (February 2007). "Confusing terminology attempts to define the undefinable". Arch. Dis. Child. 92 (2): 97–8. DOI:10.1136/adc.2006.108423. PMC 2083328. PMID 17264278. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17264278.
- ^ Raynor P, Rudolf MC (May 2000). "Anthropometric indices of failure to thrive". Arch. Dis. Child. 82 (5): 364–5. DOI:10.1136/adc.82.5.364. PMC 1718329. PMID 10799424. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10799424.
- ^ Olsen EM, Petersen J, Skovgaard AM, Weile B, Jørgensen T, Wright CM (February 2007). "Failure to thrive: the prevalence and concurrence of anthropometric criteria in a general infant population". Arch. Dis. Child. 92 (2): 109–14. DOI:10.1136/adc.2005.080333. PMC 2083342. PMID 16531456. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16531456.
- ^ Olsen EM (2006). "Failure to thrive: still a problem of definition". Clin Pediatr (Phila) 45 (1): 1–6. PMID 16429209. http://cpj.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16429209.
- ^ B F Habbick and J W Gerrard (1984). "Failure to thrive in the contented breast-fed baby". Can Med Assoc J. 131 (7): 765–768. PMC 1483563. PMID 6541091. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1483563.
- ^ Sarkisian CA, Lachs MS (June 1996). ""Failure to thrive" in older adults". Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (12): 1072–8. PMID 8633822. http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8633822.
- ^ Robertson RG, Montagnini M (July 2004). "Geriatric failure to thrive". Am Fam Physician 70 (2): 343–50. PMID 15291092. http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=15291092.
[edit] See also
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