Flight test

Flight testing is a branch of aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight of an aircraft and then analyzes the data to evaluate the flight characteristics of the aircraft and validate its design, including safety aspects. The flight test phase accomplishes two major tasks: 1) finding and fixing any aircraft design problems and then 2) verifying and documenting the aircraft capabilities for government certification or customer acceptance. The flight test phase can range from the test of a single new system for an existing aircraft to the complete development and certification of a new aircraft. Therefore the duration of a flight test program can vary from a few weeks to many years.

Civil aircraft flight test

There are typically two categories of flight test programs – commercial and military. Commercial flight testing is conducted to certify that the aircraft meets all applicable safety and performance requirements of the government certifying agency. In the US, this is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); in Canada, Transport Canada (TC); in the United Kingdom (UK), the Civil Aviation Authority; and in the European Union, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Since commercial aircraft development is normally funded by the aircraft manufacturer and/or private investors, the certifying agency does not have a stake in the commercial success of the aircraft. These civil agencies are concerned with the aircraft’s safety and that the pilot’s flight manual accurately reports the aircraft’s performance. The market will determine the aircraft’s suitability to operators. Normally, the civil certification agency does not get involved in flight testing until the manufacturer has found and fixed any development issues and is ready to seek certification.

Military aircraft flight test

Military programs differ from commercial in that the government contracts with the aircraft manufacturer to design and build an aircraft to meet specific mission capabilities. These performance requirements are documented to the manufacturer in the aircraft specification and the details of the flight test program (among many other program requirements) are spelled out in the statement of work. In this case, the government is the customer and has a direct stake in the aircraft’s ability to perform the mission. Since the government is funding the program, it is more involved in the aircraft design and testing from early-on. Often military test pilots and engineers are integrated as part of the manufacturer’s flight test team, even before first flight. The final phase of the military aircraft flight test is the Operational Test (OT). OT is conducted by a government-only test team with the dictate to certify that the aircraft is suitable and effective to carry out the intended mission.^{[citation needed]}

Flight testing of military aircraft is often conducted at military flight test facilities. The US Navy tests aircraft at Naval Air Station Patuxent River and the US Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base. The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School are the programs designed to teach military test personnel. In the UK, most military flight testing is conducted by three organizations, the RAF, BAE Systems and QinetiQ. For minor upgrades the testing may be conducted by one of these three organisations in isolation, but major programs are normally conducted by a joint trials team (JTT), with all three organisations working together under the umbrella of an integrated project team (IPT) airspace.^{[citation needed]}

Flight test processes

Flight testing is highly expensive and potentially very risky. Unforeseen problems can lead to damage to aircraft and loss of life, both of aircrew and people on the ground. For these reasons modern flight testing is probably one of the most safety conscious professions today. Flight trials can be divided into 3 sections, planning, execution and analysis and reporting.

Preparation

For both commercial and military aircraft, flight test preparation begins well before the aircraft is ready to fly. Initially what needs to be tested must be defined, from which the Flight Test Engineers prepare the test plan, which is essentially certain manoeuvres to be flown (or systems to be exercised). A full certification/qualification flight test program for a new aircraft will require testing for many aircraft systems and in-flight regimes; each is typically documented in a separate test plan. During the actual flight testing, similar maneuvers from all test plans are combined and the data collected on the same flights, where practical. This allows the required data to be acquired in the minimum number of flight hours.

Static pressure probe on the nose of a Sukhoi Superjet 100 prototype

Flight test pressure probes and water tanks in 747-8I prototype

Static pressure probe at the rear of Boeing 747-8I prototype

Once the flight test data requirements are established, the aircraft is instrumented to record that data for analysis. Typical instrumentation parameters recorded during a flight test for a large aircraft are:

• Atmospheric (static) pressure and temperature;
• Dynamic ("total") pressure and temperature, measured at various positions around the fuselage;
• Structural loads in the wings and fuselage, including vibration levels;
• Aircraft attitude and angle of attack;
• Accelerations in all six degrees of freedom, measured with accelerometers at different positions in the aircraft;
• Noise levels (interior and exterior);
• Internal temperature (in cabin and cargo compartments);
• Aircraft controls deflection (stick/yoke, rudder pedal, and throttle position);
• Engine performance parameters (pressure and temperature at various stages, thrust, fuel burn rate).

Specific calibration instruments, whose behavior has been determined from previous tests, may be brought on-board to supplement the aircraft’s in-built probes.

During the flight, these parameters are then used to compute relevant aircraft performance parameters, such as airspeed, altitude, weight, and center of gravity position.

During selected phases of flight test, especially during early development of a new aircraft, many parameters are transmitted to the ground during the flight and monitored by the Flight Test Engineer and test support engineers. This provides for safety monitoring and allows real-time analysis of the data being acquired.

Execution

When the aircraft is completely assembled and instrumented, many hours of ground testing are conducted. This allows exploring multiple aspects: basic aircraft systems operation, flight controls, engine performance, dynamic systems stability evaluation, and provides a first look at structural loads. The aircraft can then proceed with its maiden flight, a major milestone in any aircraft development program.

There are several aspects to a flight test program, among which:

• Handling qualities, which evaluates the aircraft's controllability and response to pilot inputs throughout the range of flight;
• Performance testing evaluates aircraft in relation to its projected abilities, such as speed, range, power available, drag, airflow characteristics, and so forth;
• Aero-elastic/flutter stability, evaluates the dynamic response of the aircraft controls and structure to aerodynamic (i.e. air-induced) loads;
• Avionics/systems testing verifies all electronic systems (navigation, communications, radars, sensors, etc.) perform as designed;
• Structural loads measure the stresses on the airframe, dynamic components, and controls to verify structural integrity in all flight regimes.

Testing that is specific to military aircraft includes :

• Weapons delivery, which looks at the pilot’s ability to acquire the target using on-board systems and accurately deliver the ordnance on target;
• An evaluation of the separation of the ordnance as it leaves the aircraft to ensure there are no safety issues;
• air-to-air refueling;
• Radar/infrared signature measurement;
• Aircraft carrier operations.

Emergency situations are evaluated as a normal part of all flight test program. Examples are: engine failure during various phases of flight (takeoff, cruise, landing), systems failures, and controls degradation. The overall operations envelope (allowable gross weights, centers-of-gravity, altitude, max/min airspeeds, maneuvers, etc.) is established and verified during flight testing. Aircraft are always demonstrated to be safe beyond the limits allowed for normal operations in the Flight Manual.

Because the primary goal of a flight test program is to gather accurate engineering data, often on a design that is not fully proven, piloting a flight test aircraft requires a high degree of training and skill. As such, such programs are typically flown by a specially trained test pilot, the data is gathered by a flight test engineer, and often visually displayed to the test pilot and/or flight test engineer using flight test instrumentation.

Analysis and reporting

It includes the analysis of a flight for certification.It analyze the internal and outer part of the flight by checking its all minute parts. Reporting includes the analyzed data result.

Flight Test Team

Flight test engineer’s workstation aboard an A380 prototype

The make-up of the Flight Test Team will vary with the organization and complexity of the flight test program, however, there are some key players who are generally part of all flight test organizations. The leader of a flight test team is usually a flight test engineer (FTE) or possibly an experimental test pilot. Other FTEs or pilots could also be involved. Other team members would be the Flight Test Instrumentation Engineer, Instrumentation System Technicians, the aircraft maintenance department (mechanics, electricals, avionics technicians, etc.), Quality/Product Assurance Inspectors, the ground-based computing/data center personnel, plus logistics and administrative support. Engineers from various other disciplines would support the testing of their particular systems and analyze the data acquired for their specialty area.

Since many aircraft development programs are sponsored by government military services, military or government-employed civilian pilots and engineers are often integrated into the flight test team. The government representatives provide program oversight and review and approve data. Government test pilots may also participate in the actual test flights, possibly even on the first/maiden flight.

External links

• Society of Experimental Test Pilots
• Society of Flight Test Engineers
• Flight Test Safety Committee
• Flight Test Society of Australia
• Airplane Stability and Control
• NASA Introduction to Flight Testing
• Cranfield University Subject Listing for Flight dynamics
• CAFE Foundation flight testing of general aviation aircraft
• a lot of current Flight Test programs (German) Source: FliegerWeb.com

See also

• Maiden flight
• Cooper-Harper rating scale
• Aerospace engineering
• Flight test engineer
• Flight test instrumentation