From: Subject: 150 words with more than one meaning Date: Tue, 11 Sep 2012 10:15:43 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CD9006.67271330" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.6157 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CD9006.67271330 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://home.alphalink.com.au/~umbidas/homonym_main.htm 150 words with more than one meaning

HOMONYMS =97 WORDS WITH MORE THAN ONE MEANING = =97 WORDS WITH=20 SEVERAL MEANINGS =97 WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS

 

 

Homonyms

There is a strange = puzzle in the=20 English language =97 we have many words which have more than one = meaning. The=20 meanings are sometimes totally unrelated =97 how can one word mean two = or more=20 different things? For instance, how can lead be a verb meaning to = go=20 first and also the name of a heavy metal? How can bear be a noun = for a=20 type of animal and also a verb meaning carry?

The answer lies in the = fact that=20 English is an invaded language =97 it has been influenced by many = other=20 languages over its long history. Words which now look the same might = have come=20 from entirely different sources. Some words might have started from the = same=20 source but gradually acquired different shades of meaning between, say, = the 13th=20 and 16th centuries.

Another factor is = involved. As=20 centuries go by, and different words are coined or adopted from other = languages,=20 the way they are pronounced might shift and change in emphasis. An = example of=20 this is explained under bear. Here are the brief stories behind = nearly=20 150 of those apparently confusing words which make English such a rich = language.=20

 

This section gives you = the main=20 meanings of many homonyms. It does not list every meaning. The = simplified=20 history of most words is explained in brief. There is a HUGE amount of=20 information in this section to enrich your brain, so rummage around!

 

NOTE: Homophones are words which are = pronounced the=20 same way even though their spelling differs. There is a section on=20 homophones here.

Click a homonym in this panel to go to the=20 explanation:

= = = =

air

cast

file jam mean peer range squash top

angle

= cataract

firm jet member pine rear staff trip

ball

club

flag key mess pinion reel stalk tuck

bank

<= FONT=20 = color=3D#0000ff>cordial

flake kid might pit refuse stall utter

bat

count

flat knot mind plug rest staple volume

bay

<= FONT=20 = color=3D#0000ff>counter

grain lap mint pole rock state wake

bear

<= FONT=20 = color=3D#0000ff>cricket

gross lead moor pound rook stem well

beef

curry

gum lean mug press row stick wind

boil

dash

habit light mummy pride scrap stunt wound

boot

date

hail litter nick punt seal tap yard

bowl

deck

ham lock noodle pupil season tender  

box

dough

hatch long note quack shed tense  

bud

duck

hawk loom object quail shell tick  

cape

= entrance

hip = magazine organ quarry sole tide  

caper

<= FONT=20 = color=3D#0000ff>express

import maroon page race sound till  

carp

fair

= interest mass pale ram spell tip  

case

fast

jack match palm rank spring toll  
=

 

air Breathe it or sing=20 it?

The word for the air we breathe = came into=20 English from Old French about 800 years ago.
Air can also mean the = manner or=20 appearance or the impression a person makes, in statements like "She had = a=20 distinctive air about her". That came from a different French word in = the later=20 1500s.
Air can also mean a melody or a tune. With this meaning, it = was=20 borrowed from the Italian word aria.

 

angle Where two straight lines meet or to=20 fish?

The way we measure the = space=20 between two straight lines came into English in the 14th century from a = French=20 word. Its origin is in the Latin word angulus, which means = corner.

Angle meaning to fish = comes from=20 the Old English word angil, angul, a fish-hook. At the time angle = came=20 into English as a word used for a measurement, the word for a fish-hook = was=20 angel. There was no confusion with heavenly beings, because one = of those=20 was called an engel, the Old English word from a Latin word=20 angelus.

Meanwhile, the Angles = were one of=20 the tribes that invaded Britain in the 5th century. Their name forms = part of=20 Anglo-Saxon, denoting the people whose language gave rise to = English. It=20 is also found in the part of England still called East Anglia. They came = from an=20 area of the country we now call Germany. The Romans called them = Anglus=20 because the land from which they came was said to be shaped like a = fish-hook.=20 Sailing in small boats round the Danish peninsula, from west to east,=20 negotiating the overall shape as well as the twists and turns, could = give this=20 impression.

When Pope Gregory I = (560=96604) saw=20 a group of Anglo-Saxon child-slaves being offered for sale, he was = struck by=20 their beauty, and commented, Nam et angelicum habent faciem, = =91For they=20 have the faces of angels=92. In popular folkore, this has become, Non = Angli,=20 sed Angeli, =91Not Angles, but angels=92.  Back to list of=20 words

ball A round object or a=20 dance?

The spherical object = used in=20 games gets its name from an Old Norse word, bollr. It came into = English=20 around the 13th century and was known as a balle.

In Middle English, = ballen=20 meant to dance. It came from an Old French word, baller. Its use = as a=20 noun to describe an organised dance started in the 17th century. The = word ballet=20 came into English at about the same time but was adapted from the = Italian=20 balletto, meaning a little dance.   Back to list of=20 words

bank The side of a river or a = place for=20 money?

Meaning the edge of a = river or a=20 raised area of ground, bank came into English in the 12th century. It = was=20 adapted from Scandinavian words like Swedish backe and Danish=20 banke. In Middle English, bank meant a mound or a shore. = Bonk=20 meant mound of earth. One of the best loved references to this type of = bank is=20 in Oberon's song in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's = Dream:

I know a bank where the = wild=20 thyme blows,

Where oxlips and the = nodding=20 violet grows,

Quite over-canopied = with luscious=20 woodbine,

With sweet musk-roses, = and with=20 eglantine;

There sleeps Titania=20 sometime

The word for a = financial=20 institution came into English in the 15th century, adapted from such = words as=20 Italian bance and French banque.   Back to list of=20 words

bat A flying mammal or a wooden=20 rod?

The name of the little = animal=20 came into English as bakke around the 14th century from = Scandinavian=20 words such as Old Norse ledhrblaka, =91leather-flapper=92 and = Swedish=20 natbakka, =91night-bat=92.

In Middle English at = that time,=20 bat was already used for boat, from Old Norse batr, which = has=20 survived in modern Icelandic as b=E1tur. Bats have the unusual = distinction=20 of being mentioned only three times in the Bible: Leviticus 11:19, = Deuteronomy=20 14:18 and Isaiah 2:20.

Batty, meaning crazy or = dotty,=20 did not come into use until the 16th century, as an allusion to the = erratic=20 movements of bats.

In = Old=20 English, batt meant mean wooden club. It might have come from an = Irish=20 (Celtic) word, bat and thus be one of the few Celtic words that = have=20 survived in English.   Back to list of=20 words

bay Coastal inlet, and = more
This word has several = uses. Here=20 are four of them:
1. An inlet on the sea-coast, larger than a cove = but=20 smaller than a gulf. It came into English before the 15th century, = perhaps from=20 the French word baie.
2. The bark of a hunting dog when it can scent = its=20 prey. It probably came from another 15th century French word, abaier, to = bark.=20 Also used as a verb, to bay.
3. A type of small tree or shrub. The = leaves are=20 used for flavouring. From a 14th century French word baie. Notice that = in this=20 case, the original Old French words might also have been homonyms.
4. = The=20 reddish-brown colour of some horses. From 14th century Old French = bai.
This=20 set of synonyms is an example of how words were borrowed from Old French = in the=20 centuries following the Norman Conquest.

bear A furry animal or to=20 carry?

The furry animals were = well-known=20 to the folk of England. Their word was bera. Old English was a = Germanic=20 language. The modern German word is very similar to ours, = B=E4r.

The verb meaning to = carry was=20 beran in Old English so it has also been in the language for a = very long=20 time. In fact, it occurs in the classic saga Beowulf, written in = about=20 725 AD, e.g:

Hi hyne =FEa = =E6tb=E6ron to brimes=20 faro=F0e [=E6t=E6ron =3D bore away]

His companions bore him = away to=20 the edge of the sea.

leton holm = beran

let the sea bear [him = away]

...Gewita=FE for=F0 = beran

w=E6pen ond = gew=E6du...

Go forth bearing

weapons and weeds = [clothes,=20 armour]

Beren was an = adjective=20 meaning made of bear-skin. Even in Old English, the word with two = meanings looks=20 similar. In Middle English they both became bere. The difference = was in=20 the way each version was pronounced. The word for the animal had a = longer =91ee=92=20 sound.   Back to list of=20 words

beef Cow meat or to=20 complain?

The word for the meat = came into=20 English in the 13th century as boef, bef, from Old French = boef.=20 The modern French word for cow is very similar. It has its source in = the=20 Latin bos, bovis. So that's where we get our word bovine! The = earlier Old=20 English words for the meat were related to cu, cow.

Dictionaries=20 tell us that the use of the same word for to complain or grumble comes = from USA=20 farming slang in the 19th century. However, a different story is told by = an 18th=20 century of English slang, where to beef was to shout, to yell, = particularly at=20 an actor on stage.   Back to list of=20 words

boil=20 Two meanngs
Verb. To boil water, making it = bubble and=20 steam. First appeared in print in English around 1300, from French words = like=20 boillir, buillir, which came from Latin bullire, meaning to = buble, to=20 steam.
Noun. An unpleasant and painful swelling on the skin has been = used=20 since Old English byle, which meant a boil or a carbuncle. There = are=20 similar words in other European languages because it has a very long = history in=20 the Indo-European language group, which is explained on my other website = The=20 Brain Rummager Too.
boot On your foot, a car, or = your=20 computer?

The footwear word came = into=20 English in the 14th century from Old French bote. Its earlier = history is=20 not known for certain, but it might be related to butt, meaning = something blunt=20 and stumpy.

It use for the luggage=20 compartment of a car derives from the word used from the 16th century = for an=20 open area on a coach where attendants would sit or stand. It was also = used for=20 the space beneath a seat where luggage could be stored. The origin of = this usage=20 seems to be lost in the mists of time. Perhaps it related to the idea = that a=20 boot was a sort of container.

But how is it that we = boot up a=20 computer? Well, footwear comes into this one, too. In the 19th century, = a=20 bootstrap was attached to a boot to help in pulling it on. To bootstrap = was to=20 go through the first part of the procedure of putting on one's boots. In = the=20 early 1960s, the term was adopted to denote the process of getting a = computer=20 ready for work.

Boot used to have = another meaning=20 related to =91advantage=92 or to something given as extra to what was = already there.=20 An example of this usage could be in a statement such as, =91This food = is rich and=20 tasty, and colourful to boot=92. In this case, boot comes from Old = English=20 bot, benefit, compensation. Middle English had bote, = meaning=20 remedy, repair. They are related to Old High German buoza, = improvement.=20 This use of boot appears as early as about 725 AD in the saga = Beowulf,=20 chapter 14:

=D0=E6t w=E6s ungeara = =FE=E6t ic =E6nigra=20 me

weana ne wende to widan = feore

bote gebidan...

It was but recently = that I was in=20 great misery [depair of ever] receiving a remedy...

It appears in Chaucer's = Canterbury Tales, e.g., =91The Squire's Tale=92:

She shal eek knowe, and = whome it=20 wol do boote

She shall soon know, = and whom it=20 will cure   Back to list of=20 words

bowl A dish or to throw a=20 ball?

In Old English, = bolla=20 meant bowl, from earlier Anglo-Saxon bollo.. In later Middle = English,=20 bolle meant globe or bowl. Our word ball comes from the later = 13th=20 century Old Norse b=F6llr, which comes from Latin bulla, a = knob.=20

Bowl meaning to throw a = ball did=20 not come into English until the 15th century, from French boule, = but the=20 word boule was already used in Middle English for a bowl in the = sense of=20 dish.   Back to list of=20 words

box A container or to have a = fist=20 fight?

The = word for the=20 container comes straight from Old English. It comes from the Latin name = of the=20 box tree, buxus, which is related to the name given to a = container for=20 medicine, pyxis.

To = box someone=20 by hitting them comes from the 14th century, perhaps from Dutch = boken, to=20 push into position.   Back to list of=20 words

bud=20 Flowers and friends?
A partially opened = flower. The=20 first part of a flower's growth on its stem. It has been in English = since the=20 1400s.
Bud and buddy meaning a friend first appeared in American = English=20 about 150 years ago. They might have come from baby-talk for=20 "brother".
cape Cloak or land jutting out to = sea?

Cape meaning an item of = clothing=20 comes from 16th century French capa, from the Latin cappa, = hood,=20 from which we also get the word cap. The Latin word for cape was = chlamyx,=20 which survives in English only in technical words related to biological = and=20 medical matters.

Cape meaning a headland = comes=20 from 14th century cap, which comes from Latin caput, head. = The=20 Latin for cape in this sense was promunturium, from which we get=20 promontory.   Back to list of=20 words

caper

noun: A pickled flower bud used to flavour food. Came into = English in=20 the 15th century from Latin and Greek words.

noun: A prank, a playful activity for amusement. Came into = English in=20 the 16th century but its origin is uncertain.

carp

noun: A type of fish. Came into = English in=20 the 14th century from an Old French carpe.

verb: To find fault or complain = about small=20 matters. 13th century, from Old Norse karpa, to = boast.

case

noun: an occurrence, instance or = example.=20 Check your dictionary to see how it is used. From Old English = casus,=20 which was used in the sense of a case in grammar; related to Old French=20 cas, a happening.

noun: a box or container. 13th = century from=20 Old French casse, from Latin capere, to take hold of=20 something.   Back to list of=20 words

cast
The verb meaning = to throw came=20 from Scandinavian words about 900 years ago. In modern Icelandic, which = descends=20 from the language of the Vikings, kasta still means "to = throw".
The=20 later use meaning a list of people, actors, taking part in a play = developed from=20 the same origin, with the sense of organising, putting together. The = same=20 applies to something formed by pouring liquid metal or plastic into a = cast, the=20 mould that makes the shape.
Caste, a homophone meaning a particular = group of=20 people in society, has a completely different origin and is not=20 related.

cataract All sorts of = meanings
This word has been used in English for about 600 years. It = comes from old=20 Latin and Greek words meaning to strike or to dash down, like a = portcullis. It=20 is used for a large waterfall that crashes down. The same word is used = for a=20 medical condition where the eye is clouded. The idea behind this use was = originally that something has come down like a portcullis and blocked=20 sight.

club
This word for a type = of weapon=20 came from Scandinavian words meaning heavy stick, gavel, club, about 800 = years=20 ago. It can also mean:
1. A wooden bat or stick used to hit a ball in = some=20 sporting games.
2. One of the suits in a pack of playing cards = comprising=20 hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs.
3. A group of people who meet = together. Also=20 the place, the room, where they meet.
How these different uses = developed from=20 the same origin is very complicated.   Back to list of=20 words

cordial
Adjective. A cordial greeting is an open, friendly greeting. A = cordial=20 person is a happy, affable person.
Noun. A cordial is drink made = with fruit=20 juice and water. It was so called because it is a drink which makes you=20 happy.
The word is from 14th century Latin cordialis, relating = to the=20 heart.
count

verb: to check a number of things = in sequence=20 to see how many there are. Adopted into English in the 13th century from = Old=20 French conter.

noun: the act of counting. As=20 above.

noun: title of a nobleman in some = European=20 countries. 16th century from Old French conte.

counter

noun: a table or other structure = over which=20 purchases are made in a shop. From 13th century Old French = comptouer;=20 related to count above.

noun: something or someone who = counts.=20 Related to count, above.

verb: to oppose something. The = word came from=20 Norman French contre, meaning "against", in the 15th = century.

adverb: in the opposite = direction. The same=20 origin as the verb above.   Back to list of=20 words

cricket
The=20 leaping, chirping insect gets its name from 14th century Middle English=20 criket. It is thought to be an "imitative" word =97 the sound of = the word=20 imitates the sound made by the cricket when it chirps.
The game gets = its name=20 from the French word criquet, from the late 16th=20 century.

curry
Noun. The name of the spicy = Indian food=20 comes from a Tamil word, kari. It was first used in English in = the late=20 1600s.
Verb. When you curry a horse you do not cook it in spices! You = comb it=20 with a currycomb. This form of curry probably comes from 14th century = French=20 words meaning to prepare, to make ready, a horse. The figurative phrase = "curry a=20 favour" means to seek a favour by perhaps devious means =97 it's rather = like being=20 nice to a horse so that it will be nice to = you!

dash A short = stroke of the=20 pen or to rush?

In this case, both = words come=20 from the same source, Middle English daschen, which could mean = both to=20 strike and to rush. The earliest meaning was to strike something = violently.

Dashboard=20 originally meant a wooden flap at the front of a carriage to prevent mud = from=20 splashing up. This meaning is related to a dash of something thrown into = something else.   Back to list of=20 words

date=20 A time or a fruit
Meaning a time at which = an event=20 occurs, it came into English from Latin in the 14th century.
Meaning = a type=20 of fruit which grows on a palm-tree, it came into English at about the = same time=20 but from words related to "dactyl" that meant finger or=20 finger-shaped.
deck A ship's deck of a pack of = cards?

Both come from the same = source.=20 The word came in the 15th century from Dutch dec, a covering. It = referred=20 to the planks of wood used as a covering in a boat which eventually = became the=20 part of the boat we walk on. It used for a pack of cards came in the = 16th=20 century, and probably relates to the similarity in appearance of a stack = of=20 planks and a pack of cards, as uniform flat items.

To deck somebody out = with clothes=20 also relates to Dutch dekken through Old English theccan = from=20 which we also get our word thatch.    Back to list of=20 words

dough=20
Meaning mixture of flour and water for bread-making, it = was=20 doh in Old English over 1,000 years ago. Used as a slang word for = "money"=20 it rose in American English about 150 years ago, perhaps because of the=20 importance of having bread as a symbol of being rich or = poor.

drill
Several uses of this = word came=20 into English in the 1600s and 1700s. Here are some of them:
1. Verb. = To learn=20 something, fix it firmly in your mind, by repetition. Also used as noun. = Often=20 used in reference to Army routines and exercises.
2. Verb. To bore a = hole in=20 something. Also noun, for the instrument with which you make a hole. =
3.=20 Noun. A type of African baboon which is related to mandrills.
4. = Noun. A=20 shallow trench in the soil in which seeds are sown.
5. Noun. A type = of strong=20 cotton fabric.
6. Noun. A type of marine snail.
duck =
1. Noun. A water-bird. The word comes from Old English = duce and=20 Middle English doke.
2. Verb. To dive or plunge into water. = This=20 meaning comes from similar origins to the above.
3. Noun. A type of = strong=20 cotton cloth. This form of the word came into English in the 17th = century from=20 the Dutch word doek.
4. Noun. A term of endearment. To call = someone=20 your duck or duckie is similar to calling them your darling. It came = into=20 English in the 16th century.
5. Noun. A score of nil (nothing); "out = for a=20 duck" in a game of cricket. This came into use about 150 years ago, = perhaps from=20 the idea that the figure 0 is the same shape as a duck's=20 egg.
entrance

noun: a place through which one = enters, such=20 as a door. 16th century from French entrer, to enter.

noun: the act of entering. As=20 above.

verb: to attract, to fill with = delight.=20 Related to the above origin but from earlier Latin word meaning = "inside". You=20 can see how the meaning emerged if you follow this sequence of ideas: = enter >=20 into > in > inside > fill.

express

verb: to put something into = words. It came=20 into English in the 14th century from Latin expressus which means = literally push out, squeeze out.

adjective: fast, such as an = express train,=20 express mail. Came from the same origin as above.  =  Back to list of=20 words

fair
1. Adjective.=20 Meaning lovely or beautiful, when describing someone, it comes from Old = English=20 f=E6ger, beautiful. This meaning is not used very much nowadays, = apart from=20 in poetry.
2. Adjective. Meaning of light complexion, or light = coloured=20 (blonde) hair, it has been used in English for over 800 years.
3. = Adjective.=20 Meaning reasonable, equitable, free from self-interest, it developed in = the 14th=20 century.
3. Noun. Meaning a gathering of people to sell and barter = goods, or=20 to enjoy entertainment, and also a travelling show of rides, stalls and=20 sideshows, this form of the word came into English from French in the = 14th=20 century.
fast Speedy, tight or to go without = food?

The Old English = adjective=20 f=E6st meant fast, firm, strong. The adverb f=E6ste meant = fast,=20 firmly, vigorously. They are related to Old High German festi, = firm.=20 Modern German for firm, solid, is fest.

To fast by abstaining = from food,=20 in Old English, was f=E6stnian, related to Old High German = fasten,=20 to fast, and the same word is used in modern German.   Back to list of=20 words

file Cardboard folder or metal = rasping=20 tool?

The word for folder has = an=20 interesting history. It came into English in the 16th century from the = French=20 verb filer, to string on a thread. This relates to storing = documents by=20 tying them together with string. It comes from the Latin filum, = meaning=20 thread, from which we also get our word filament. In Middle English,=20 fildor meant thread of gold. A file was a list, as in Shakespeare's=20 Macbeth, Act 1, Scene 3, where list of special qualities is = compared to a=20 general catalogue:

Ay, in the catalogue ye = go for=20 men,

As hounds and = greyhounds,=20 mongrels, spaniels, curs,

Shoughs, waterrugs, and = demi-wolves are clept

All by the name of = dogs. The=20 valued file

Distinguishes the = swift, the=20 slow, the subtle,

The housekeeper, the = hunter,=20 every one

According to the gift = which=20 bounteous nature

Hath in him closed, = whereby he=20 does receive

Particular addition, = from the=20 bill

That writes them all = alike; and=20 so of men.

Now if you have a = station in the=20 file,

Not i' the worst rank = of manhood,=20 say it,

The hand-tool used for = smoothing=20 rough surfaces gets its name from Old English fil and = feol,=20 related to Old High German fihala and has its roots in the Greek=20 pikros, bitter, sharp.

In Middle English, file = could=20 also mean a worthless person. This meaning came from Old English = fylan=20 and ful, from which we also get our words foul and defile. = However, from=20 the late 16th century, file also referred to a row of people, hence the = phrase=20 =91rank and file=92 and filing as queuing.    Back to list of=20 words

firm =

adjective: secure, solid. It was = adopted into=20 English in the 14th century from the Latin word = firmus.

noun: a business organisation, a = company.=20 This word came from the same Latin origin but via the Spanish word = firma,=20 meaning signature, meaning the title of a business partnership. The idea = behind=20 this is that a partnership is regarded as secure.

flag

noun: a piece of cloth with = colours and=20 designs to represent a country or an organisation. It came into English = in about=20 the 16th century but its origin is uncertain.

noun: another name for iris (a = type of=20 flower). This usage of the word came in the 14th century from similar = European=20 words with the same meaning.

verb: to grow weak, to become = tired. Like the=20 first meaning, above, it came via an uncertain route into English in the = 16th=20 century.   Back to list of=20 words

flake
(Noun) A=20 small particle or piece of something, as in snowflake. A small piece = that has=20 become loose or peeled off a surface, as in a flake of paint.
In = Australia,=20 the same noun is also used for gummy shark, a type of fish.
As a = verb, flake=20 used to mean to become flabby or languid. This meaning is now obsolete = but from=20 about the 1940s we have "to flake out" meaning to faint or fall asleep, = to=20 suffer the effect of being extremely tired.
flat

adjective: even, level, smooth. = (Check other=20 meanings in your dictionary.) It came into English in the 14th century = from Old=20 Norse flatr. With similar words in other European languages it = originates=20 from the Greek word platus. You can see that it is related to = plate and=20 plateau.

noun: an apartment for = accommodation in a=20 larger building. This comes direct from Old English flett, = meaning floor=20 or house. It is related to the history of the other meaning of=20 flat.

grain

noun: a small hard seed of a cereal plant such as wheat. = This word=20 was borrowed in the 13th century from Old French and had its origin in a = Latin=20 word, granum.

noun: the lines made by fibres in wood, or texture in a = fabric. The=20 same source as above.

gross Twelve dozen or=20 repellent?

Both = uses of this=20 word come from the same source. A gross meaning 144 originated from the = French=20 grosse douzaine, large dozen, where gross means large. The word = came into=20 English in the 14th century from French gros, large. In about the = 16th=20 century, the idea of =91overfed, bulky=92 also came to imply=20 =91repulsive=92.   Back to list of=20 words

gum
For about 1,200 years, = gum has been=20 used as a word for the flesh inside the mouth. It is now used mainly in = the=20 plural when we talk about our gums.
For about 600 years, from a = different=20 origin, it has also been used for the sticky substance that oozes out of = some=20 trees.
About 500 years ago, the above meaning developed to also mean = gum used=20 to stick things together, glue.
For over 300 years, gumtree has = denoted any=20 tree that exudes gum. Nowadays, it is used particularly for eucalyptus=20 trees.

habit

noun: a usual way of behaving or = acting. This=20 usage and the next both come from 13th century Latin habitus, = custom,=20 which came from the Latin verb habere, to have.

noun: a type of costume worn by = members of a=20 religious order, e.g., a monk's habit.

hail

noun: small pieces of ice falling = as frozen=20 rain. From Old English h=E6gl.

verb: to fall as hail. As = above.

verb: to greet someone; to call = for someone's=20 attention. From 12th century Old Norse (the language of the Vikings)=20 heill, which meant whole. Our word "hale" comes from the same=20 source.

ham
From exactly the=20 same word in Old English, over 1,000 years ago, ham refers to part of = the=20 leg.
From the 1600s, it is also used for the dried, salted, of = smoked, meat=20 of a pig's thigh.
A hamstring, sometimes strained by people playing = vigorous=20 sport, is a tendon on the side of the leg or at the back of the = knee.
From=20 about the 1930s, to ham it up has been a derogatory term to describe = over-acting=20 by a performer. 
 Back to list of=20 words
hatch

verb: to break out of an egg. = Also=20 figuratively, e.g., to hatch a plot. This word came into English in = about the=20 13th century from similar Germanic and Scandinavian words.

noun: an opening in a floor, = roof, wall; the=20 cover for such an opening. From Old English h=E6cc, related to = old words=20 meaning "gate".

hawk

noun: a type of bird. From Old = English=20 hafoc, related to other old European words but nothing to do with = the old=20 word from which we get our word "havoc".

verb: to offer things for sale by = going from=20 door to door. From the noun "hawker" which might have come into English = in the=20 16th century from a similar German word.

hip

noun: the bony wider part of the = body below=20 the waist. From Old English hype, related to old German=20 huf.

Noun: the ripe fruit of a rose. = From Old=20 English heopa, related to Old Saxon hiopa.

adjective: being up to date = (slang). This is=20 a 20th century slang term which was also known as "hep".

import

verb: to bring something from = another=20 country. This word came into English in the 16th century from Latin verb = importare, to carry in.

noun: the importance of something = (not often=20 used). This usage is from the same origin, implying something or someone = distinctive.

interest

noun: if you have an interest in = something,=20 it holds your attention. Came into English in the 15th century from a = Latin=20 phrase meaning "it concerns".

verb: to hold the attention of. = As=20 above.

noun: payment for the use of = money. From the=20 same source, with a shift in meaning.   Back to list of=20 words

jack

noun: a device used for lifting = heavy items=20 such as a car.

Noun: another name for the knave = in a pack of=20 playing cards.

All the uses of "jack" and "Jack" = come from=20 the same origin, which is the 16th century Jakke, another form of = John.=20 To see how they developed, consult a good dictionary.

jam

noun: a spread made of fruit and = sugar.=20

verb: to squeeze together into a = tight or=20 small space.

verb: in radio, to transmit = signals designed=20 to block other signals.

All the uses of this word = probably evolved=20 around the 18th century from the same informal word meaning "to squeeze = in" but=20 its etymology (history) is not known.

jet

noun: a fast-flowing stream of = liquid or gas=20 under pressure. Came into English in the 16th century from a French verb = jeter, to throw.

noun: a vehicle such as an = aeroplane which is=20 powered by jet propulsion. Short for jet plane, jet = aeroplane.

noun: a hard black coal which can = be polished=20 to make jewellery. 14th century from Old French jaiet, from Latin = gagates, from Greek lithos gagates meaning a stone = from=20 Gagai, a place in Asia Minor.

key
The main group=20 of uses for this word started over 1,000 years ago, developing from the = Old=20 English word c=E6g.
A small metal device used for opening and = closing a=20 lock.
The figurative use of the first definition =97 something = crucial to an=20 explanation or solution to a problem.
A list of explanations of = symbols,=20 e.g., on a map.
A button you press on the keyboard of, e.g., a = computer.
A=20 lever you press on the keyboard of a musical instrument, e.g., a=20 piano.
Originating in the 16th century, another form of the word = denotes a=20 musical scale or a set of notes on which a piece of music is = based.  =20
 Back to list of=20 words
kid

noun: a young deer or goat; a = young person=20 (informal). Came into English in about the 12th century, related to Old = Norse=20 (the language of the Vikings) kith. Not related to our modern = English=20 word "kith", which comes from Old English cynthth.

verb: to tease of trick someone. = Might have=20 been adapted in the 19th century from the above, relating to the = playfulness of=20 a child.

knot Twisted string or the = speed of a=20 boat?

The word comes from Old = English=20 cnotta, related to Middle High German knotze, meaning = knob. Modern=20 German is Knoten. In German, the K in such words is pronounced, = as it was=20 in Old English, but we no longer sound it in modern English. Its = original=20 meaning related to the intertwining of rope. In the 17th century, knots = tied in=20 a long piece of rope or string were used as a measure of speed along a=20 particular course.

The same word was used = to knobs=20 or knotty parts of timber or plants from the 15th or 16th = century.  =20 Back to list of=20 words

lap Splash of water or part of a = race-course?

Related to water = lapping against=20 a boat or on a shore, or to the way an animal drinks, the word comes = from Old=20 English lapian, related to Old High German laffan, from = Latin=20 lambo, to lick, to touch, to wash (as of the water of a river = lapping=20 against the banks),.

As a circuit of a race, = the word=20 came into use during the 19th century. It derives from other uses of lap = in=20 relation to measurement and overlap. These come largely from Middle = English=20 lappe, lap, border, which comes from Old English l=E6ppa, = flap.

Lap in the meaning of = border also=20 gave rise to that part of our body which disappears when we stand up, = our lap.=20 It originates in relation to the borders of the clothing which covered = the area=20 in question.

Lap was also used to = denote a=20 large fold or pocket in one's clothing, as in Chaucer's Canterbury=20 Tales:

...His walet, biforn = hym in his=20 lappe

His knapsack before him = in large=20 pocket.

...And carie it in a = cofre or in=20 a lappe

And carry it in a = coffer or in a=20 lap    Back to list of=20 words

lead To go first or a heavy=20 metal?

In Old English, = l=E6dan=20 meant to lead, show the way, or even carry away. It is related to Old = High=20 German lidan, to go. In modern German, leite is to lead, = to guide,=20 Leitung is direction or guidance.

The heavy metal was = called=20 lead in Old English, though the pronunciation was not the same as = we used=20 today. It is related to similar words in other old European languages, = e.g., Old=20 Frisian lad, Old Dutch lood, Middle High German=20 lot.    Back to list of=20 words

lean Incline or = slim?

Old English and Middle = English=20 hl=E6ne meant thin or poor. They are thought to have a Germanic = origin,=20 perhaps from Lithuanian and Latvian words implying fragment and weak,=20 respectively. The usage in relation to meat came in about the 15th = century.

Lean in the sense of = inclining=20 towards something comes from Old English hleonian, to lean, to = rest. This=20 is related to Old High German hlinen. The Latin sources are words = related=20 to clinatus, inclined.   Back to list of=20 words

light Shining or without much=20 weight?

Both come from Old = English=20 leoht, could meant both light in the sense of the opposite of = dark,=20 bright, and also light in the sense of not heavy. Leocht was also = used in=20 relation to weight. At the same time, lyt meant little and = liht=20 meant light in weight, easy. The situation seems confusing, but Skeat's=20 etymological dictionary might have the clue. He suggests that the = meaning=20 related to illumination links with Anglo-Saxon leoht, and the = meaning to=20 do with weight to Anglo-Saxon lecht.

In Middle English, = leoht=20 kept its meaning in relation to illumination but liht related to=20 weight.

In modern German, the = first is=20 now Licht, the second leicht.

Somewhere along the = 1,500 year=20 history of these words, there is a period when the two shades of meaning = diverged. Could it be that light, in the sense of illumination, is an=20 ever-present factor in life but is intangible and cannot be weighed?

There is a third = meaning. In=20 Middle English, lihte meant lung, giving rise to modern English = usage of=20 lights for the lungs of animals. Lights in modern German are = Lunge. =20  Back to list of=20 words

litter
Litter can mean the offspring of an = animal at=20 one birth, e.g., a litter of puppies born to a dog at the same = time.
It can=20 also mean rubbish which is carelessly dropped or left around.
The = oldest=20 meaning, from over 700 years ago, is a portable bed. This could also = mean an=20 important person's chair carried by servants on two poles. Because straw = was=20 often used for bedding, the word also came to have this meaning, around = 600=20 years ago.
You can work out how these different meanings of the same = word=20 developed: bed =97 straw for a bed =97 straw spread on the floor =97 = anything dropped=20 or strewn on the floor.
lock
Meaning a fastener = on a door,=20 this word comes from Old English loc, which meant a bolt, a = bar.
From=20 this origin, it also came to mean a section of a canal which can be = closed off=20 by gates.
Meaning a cluster or tress of hair, it comes from Old = English=20 locc, which meant a lock of hair or a curl of=20 hair.
long Of great length or to hope?

In the sense of = measurement, long=20 comes from Old English lang, long.

In the sense of = yearning, it=20 derives from a related Old English word, langian. Longe was also = used to=20 mean a long time. The meanings are linked, one to space and the other to = time.   Back to list of=20 words

loom A weaving machine or to = come into=20 view?

In Old English, = geloma=20 meant tool. By the time of Middle English, it had been modified to = lome,=20 meaning a loom for weaving as well as a tool or implement.

The origin of the word = in=20 relation to come into view, perhaps ominously, is not as clear. It came = into=20 English during the 16th century, perhaps from East Frisian lomen, = to move=20 slowly. However, in Old English we find leoma ray of light, and = in Middle=20 English leome, gleam, and leomen, to give light, to=20 shine.    Back to list of=20 words

magazine
This word came into = English from=20 other languages as magosine, in the 16th century. It meant a = depot, a=20 store. Magazine still means a store-room or depot for ammunition. It = also means=20 the part of a gun into which cartridges are placed before = firing.
Magazine=20 also denotes a published book or periodical which is, figuratively, a = store of=20 information.

maroon
Verb.=20 To maroon someone is to leave or abandon them on a desolate island. This = form of=20 the word was adapted from French and Spanish words in the 1600s. In its = older=20 history, it denoted runaway slaves in the West Indies who were hiding in = the=20 mountains and forests!
Noun. A dark brownish-red colour. This form of = the=20 word was borrowed from French marron, also in the 1600s.
Note: The = USA and=20 British pronunciation of this word rhymes with -oon but the common = Australian=20 pronunciation rhymes with -own.

mass
1. Noun. A=20 lump, a heap, of something. It came into English in the 14th century = from a=20 French word meaning a lump of dough.
2. Noun. In Physics, the = property of=20 having weight.
2. Adjective. Involving many people, as in a mass=20 meeting.
3. Noun. The Eucharist, the main service held in Roman = Catholic and=20 other churches. This meaning comes from adaptations of the Old English = word=20 m=E6sse, meaning dismissal. The closing words of the Mass are = "Ite, missa=20 est" meaning, roughly, "Go, it (=3D the prayer) has finished (=3D been=20 sent)".

match

Noun. A small wooden stick with a combustible head, used for = lighting=20 fires. It came into English in the 1300s from old words meaning candle = wick or=20 wick of a lamp.
Noun and verb. An equal, to make equal, to be exactly = the=20 same. From Old English, about 1,000 years ago, m=E6cca, which = meant equal,=20 mate, companion.
Noun. A game or contest, as in a cricket match. = First used=20 in English in about the 1400s.    Back to list of=20 words
member
It can mean both a part of the body, such as a limb, and a = person=20 belonging to a group, e.g., a church member, the member of a club. From = a 13th=20 century French word, membre, a part of a body.
mean Miserly, = average or to=20 imply?

In the sense of = miserly, from Old=20 English gem=E6ne, common, and Middle English m=E6ne, = common. The=20 meaning of niggardly did not come until the 18th century, from the 17th = century=20 meaning of unkind. These developed from the meaning of ordinary, poor in = quality.

In the sense of = average, it comes=20 from 14th century French moien, relating to the middle. In modern = French,=20 this has become moyen.

In the sense of to = imply or=20 communicate a meaning, it comes from Old English m=E6nan, to = relate, speak=20 of. In Old English and Middle English it could denote complain and moan = as well=20 as communicate and signify. Moan and mean are related. From the 15th to = the 18th=20 century, mean could be used in the sense of making a complaint of = stating a=20 grievance. Could there be shades of this meaning in the colloquial = phrase still=20 used today, when people say in a critical or whinging manner, =91I = mean,=92=20 as a response to something they disapprove of?   Back to list of=20 words

mess
Around=20 1300, mes meant a portion of food which had been prepared for a = meal. In=20 the 1400s, it applied particularly to liquid and pulpy food such as = porridge and=20 gruel.
The figurative use of the same word for confusion, jumble,=20 disorderliness, did not start until the 1800s.

might Power or stating a=20 possibility?

Might as power comes = from Old=20 English miht, meaht, might, strength. power, with the same words = in=20 Middle English. Old English also had m=E6gen, might, power, = virtue, host.=20

Might as a verb is a = tense of the=20 verb =91may=92 which comes from Old English m=E6g, which became = m=E6i in=20 Middle English., Until the 15th century, may implied to have to = power to=20 as well as to be able to.   Back to list of=20 words

mind A thinking component or to = take care=20 of?

From Old English = gemynd,=20 memory, recollection, the mind. To mind in the sense of to take care of = arose in=20 the 17th century from the earlier sense of to think about, to apply = oneself, to=20 care for.   Back to list of=20 words

mint
A type of=20 herb with a sweet-smelling leaf which is used in cooking. This form of = the word=20 was in Old English minte, about 1,300 years ago.
A place where = money=20 is coined for a government or official authority. This form comes from = the Old=20 English word mynit, meaning coin. Mint, as in mint condition, = meaning new=20 or fresh developed from the idea of a freshly minted coin.
moor
Noun. A stretch of open land, wasteland, swampland, covered = with heather=20 and moss. From Old English mor, over 800 years ago.
Verb. To = bring a=20 boat or ship into a dock or wharf, to secure it to the wharf. From 13th = century=20 words meaning to tie up, to make secure with rope.
Also used as a = term for a=20 Moor, one of the Moors, people from northern Africa who conquered Spain = in the=20 8th century. This comes from ancient Greek and Latin words for an = inhabitant of=20 the African country  Mauritania.

mug
A type of=20 drinking vessel, usually a different shape from a cup and heavier. It = came into=20 English in the 1500s from Scandinavian words for a jar, a heavy drinking = vessel.
In the 17th century, mugs were made with grotesque faces on = them for=20 decoration and amusement. That is how we come to use the same word, mug, = as a=20 slang term for someone's face.

mummy
The ancient = Egyptians=20 preserved body is nothing whatever to do with the affectionate word for=20 mother!
We get the word for embalmed bodies from old Latin, Arabic = and=20 Persian words. In Persian, mumiyah meant asphalt, which was one = of the=20 substances used to preserve a dead body.
Mummy as an affectionate = term for=20 mother is simply baby-talk, an informal term, for... guess what... = mother, Back to list of=20 words

nick

noun: a small cut or small notch. This word came into = English in=20 about the 15th century but its origin is uncertain.

verb: to cut slightly. Also to steal (slang). Both = developed from the=20 above, the second with a figurative meaning.

noodle

noun: a type of pasta cut into strips. It came into English = in the=20 18th century from a German word, Nudel.

noun: the head (slang). An 18th century slang = word.

note

noun: something written down in just a few words. It came = into=20 English in the 13th century from an Old French word which came from = Latin,=20 nota, meaning a sign. The other uses of the word, below, = developed from=20 the same origin. Also used as a verb meaning to notice, e.g., to note = something,=20 to take note of someone's comment.

noun: in music, a single sound or the symbol used to = represent=20 it.

noun: a piece of paper money is called a note or a bank = note.=20 Back to list of=20 words

object

noun: a thing that can be seen or = felt. It=20 was adopted in English in the 14th century from an old Latin term which = meant=20 "something thrown before" the mind.

a grammatical term for the item = which=20 receives the action of a verb. From an origin related to the above, with = the=20 meaning "to throw against".

verb: to say you do not like or = approve of=20 something.

organ

noun: a musical instrument such = as a pipe=20 organ or an electric organ.

noun: a specific part of the body = such as the=20 heart or liver.

noun: a printed paper such as a = newsletter,=20 used to express an opinion or a specific viewpoint of, for example, a = political=20 party.

All the meanings developed from = the 13th=20 century Old French word organe, which came from Latin and Greek = terms=20 meaning "tool".

page

noun: a sheet of paper, or one = side of it, in=20 a book. Came into English in the 15th century, when book printing really = developed, via a French word from the Latin word = pagina.

noun: a boy who acts as a = servant, sometimes=20 wearing a uniform. Came into English in the 13th century from an Italian = word,=20 paggio, which came from earlier words meaning child. The next = meaning,=20 below, developed from this usage.

verb: to page someone is to have = their name=20 called in order to find out where they are. Back to list of=20 words

pale

adjective: without much colour. = Came into=20 English around the 13th century from Old French palle, which came = from=20 Latin pallidus.

verb: with the same meaning, to = become pale.=20 You can see that our word "pallid" is related.

(Check your dictionary for other = meanings of=20 this word.)

palm

noun: the flat inner part of your = had. Old=20 English for the palm of the hand was folm, which later, in the = 14th=20 century, was linked with Old French paume.

noun: a type of tree which grows = in tropical=20 countries. Comes from similar sources, so named because its fronds = (branches)=20 spread like the fingers of the hand.

pan

noun: a dish, especially a broad, = shallow=20 dish for cooking. From Old English panne. Other uses of the same = word,=20 including the two below, developed from the same origins. An Old English = term=20 for the skull was literally "brain-pan".

verb: to wash gravel or sand in a = pan when=20 looking for gold.

verb: to criticise strongly. A = figurative=20 development of the idea of separating gravel from gold. Back to list of=20 words

peer

noun: someone of your own age or = status.=20

noun: a titled person such as a = duke or=20 duchess.

In the above meanings, this word = came into=20 English in the 14th century from Old French per which came from = Latin=20 par, meaning equal.

verb: to look intently in an = attempt to see=20 clearly. This came into English in the 16th century from Flemish = pieren,=20 meaning "to look with narrowed eyes".

pine
Noun. A type of coniferous evergreen tree. The word existed = in Old=20 English as pin, and is related to Latin pinus.
Verb. To = pine=20 for something is to yearn for it. This word developed from an Old = English verb,=20 pinian, to suffer, to torment.
pinion
A bird's wing, a = joint of a=20 bird's wing, a large feather. Borrowed from French pignon or = penon=20 in the 15th century.
A small gear with teeth in it, as part of a = machine.=20 Borrowed from French pignon in the 17th century
pit
A=20 large or deep hole. Sometimes used as a term for a coal-mine. It has = been in=20 English for over 1,300 years, starting in Old English as pytt, = meaning=20 water-hole or pit.
The hard seed or pip of a fruit such as a cherry. = American=20 English, borrowed from Dutch in the mid-1840s. Back to list of=20 words

plug
A bung, a stopper that fits into a hole of a container to = keep it=20 closed and watertight. Adapted in the early 1600s from the Dutch word=20 plugge.

Also used for the small device which is = plugged=20 into a socket when connecting something to the electricity = supply.
Meaning to=20 work hard at something or for an advertisement or marketing promotion, = it was=20 first used in American English in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
pole
A=20 long rod of wood, metal or plastic. It comes from an Old English word,=20 pal, meaning stake.
Either end of Earth's axis, north pole and = south=20 pole. First used in English in the late 1300s, perhaps from Latin = polus,=20 meaning the end of an axis, or the sky.
Also used to denote input and = output=20 points of a magnet or electrical device.

In olden times, a pole was also a unit = of=20 measurement in Britain, equivalent to 16.5 feet.

pound Unit of currency, a = weight, a lost=20 dogs home, or to hit with force?

The unit of currency = arises from=20 the weight, which comes from Old English pund, the value of a = pound=20 weight of silver (a long time before devaluation!).

The lost dogs home = meaning comes=20 from the meaning of an enclosure from the 14th century prefix = pund-. In=20 Middle English, punfeald or pinfold meant an enclosure = field.

To pound someone or = something=20 with a striking blow comes from Old English punian, related to = Dutch=20 puin, break down into rubble.

The pound the streets, = to walk=20 with heavy footsteps, or to pound at a keyboard, is a 20th century = colloquial=20 use.   Back to list of=20 words

press
Verb. To=20 push something against or into something else. From 14th century Latin = and=20 French words. Figuratively, it is also used to denote persuading someone = forcefully to do something.
Noun. A single term to denote newspaper = editors,=20 writers and photographers, the press. This comes from the name of the = machine=20 first used in the early 1500s, the printing press.
pride Group nouns can = be=20 picturesque
The quality of being proud. The = word=20 comes from Old English words pr=FCd and pryde.
A group = of lions=20 is called a pride of lions. This is probably from the idea that lions = are=20 proud-looking animals. Group nouns for animals and birds are often = picturesque,=20 e.g., a murder of crows, an exaltation of larks, an army of=20 caterpillars.
punt
A shallow, = flat-bottomed boat.=20 The word has been in English for over 1,000 years.
In the game of = football,=20 to punt the ball is a way of kicking it. This use has been in English = for only=20 about 150 years.
To punt can also mean to place a bet on something.=20

pupil A surprise = here!
A student. Thus form of the word came from Old French = pupille over=20 600 years ago.
The pupil in your eye is the lens in the centre of the = coloured part which is called the iris. This form of the word comes from = Latin=20 pupilla, which means little doll. It was given that name because = you can=20 see a tiny reflection of yourself, like a little doll, when you look = directly at=20 the pupil in someone else's eye.   Back to list of=20 words
quack
Noun. An imposter, = a=20 charlatan, and fake doctor. It came into English in the 1600s.
Verb. = When a=20 duck makes its characteristic noise, it quacks. This verb has been used = in=20 English for about 700 years. It has been used as a noun, too, since the=20 mid-1800s.

quail
Noun. A type of game = bird,=20 sometimes prepared for eating. The word came from Old French = quaille in=20 the 1300s.
Verb. To quail is to lose courage, to draw back because of = fear.=20 This form of the word came from Middle Dutch quelen in the=20 1400s.
quarry
A large hole in = the ground=20 for the purposes of excavation of sand, stone, or slate. This form of = the word=20 came into English in the 14th century from Old French = quarriere.
An=20 animal hunted and caught for food. It has been in English since before = 1300, as=20 the word quirre, which meant entrails. After a hunt, the entrails = of=20 animals which had been caught were given to the hunting dogs as=20 food.

race Group of = people or run=20 in competition?

The first meaning comes = from 16th=20 century French from Italian razza. Its history before that is=20 uncertain.

The running type of = race comes=20 from Old English r=E6san, rush, hasten, related to 13th century = Old Norse=20 ras, running. In Middle English, r=E6s meant race, rush or = course.    Back to list of=20 words

ram
Noun. A male=20 sheep. From Old English ramm.
The meaning of pile-driver, = battering=20 ram, a device for driving something in by impact, comes from the same=20 origins.
range Many meanings, same origin
A=20 series of things in a line or row.
The limit within which there can = be=20 difference, or within which something operates or has control.
A row = or line=20 of mountains.
A large area of land. Grassy land on which livestock = can graze.=20 A shooting range for rifle practice.
A cooking stove with a flat top = and an=20 oven, heated by coal or wood fire.
All the above come from the same = origin in=20 a 14th century Old French word.
rank Offensively smelly or = position in=20 army?

This is an interesting = example of=20 how words change in meaning. In Old English ranc meant straight, = leading=20 to erect, proud, haughty. In Middle English denoted strong, brave, = proud. In its=20 original meaning, it could imply growing vigorously, as in plants, to = the point=20 where it was too prolific. This took on the negative meaning of being = =91too=20 much=92. This seems to have led to the meaning of festering. By the 16th = century,=20 rank implied having an offensive smell.

Middle English also = acquired=20 rancle, a festering sore, from which we get rankle. This came = from Old=20 French rancler.

In the 17th century, = the word=20 rancid also came into English, from Latin rancidus, meaning rank, = disgusting.

Meanwhile, the word = rank as a=20 position within an organisation came into English in the 16th century = from Old=20 French ranc, row, rank, related to Old High German hring,=20 circle. In modern French, rang means row, line, rank, and = in=20 modern German Rang means rank, station, position.   = Back to list of=20 words

rear
Noun. The=20 back part of something, as opposed to its front. From 14th century Old = French=20 words related to Latin retro- meaning back.
Verb. To raise, to = rise=20 up, e.g., when you rear children you bring them up in a family; when a = horse=20 rears it stands on its hind legs. From Old English r=E6ren, to=20 raise.
reel
Noun. A roll of = something. A=20 winder such as the spool on a fishing rod. From Old English = hreol, a reel=20 for winding thread.
Noun. A type of dance with circular steps and = movements.=20 16th century, probably from the above.
Verb. To walk awkwardly, out = of=20 control, in a drunken manner. Related to the above.
refuse
Noun. Pronounced REF-use. Food waste, general rubbish, = useless stuff.=20 Adapted from Old French refus in the 14th century.
Verb. = Pronounced=20 ref-USE. To say no, to decline an offer, to reject. From Old French verb = refuser, probably in the 13th century
rest
Noun. Something left over, as in "We put the rest of the = food back=20 into the fridge". From 15th century Old French, reste, residue,=20 remnant.
Noun and verb: Relax, stop moving, take time to recover, as = in "You=20 must rest after your exercise", "I have a rest after my exercise". From = Old=20 English, 1,200 years ago.
rock Lump of stone or sway back = and=20 forth?

In its first meaning, = the word=20 came in the 14th century as roche from Old French roche, roke, = rocque.=20 Roche which has the same meaning in modern French, and Italian = rocca.=20 For the earlier history, some dictionaries say =91origin unknown=92, but = it might be=20 related to an Old English suffix -roc.

Hard sticks of = peppermint=20 flavoured confectionery, popular in English seaside resorts, were given = the name=20 rock in the middle of the 18th century.

To rock meaning to sway = from side=20 to side comes from Old English roccian, related to Old High = German=20 rucchen or rocken. The early words related to move or = push, and=20 the first use of the word seems to relate to rocking a = cradle.   =20 Back to list of=20 words

rook
A large black=20 European bird like a crow. From 11th or 12th century Old English=20 hroc.
One of the pieces in a chess game, also called a castle. = Adapted=20 from 13th century Old French roc, originally from Persian=20 rukh.

row A line of people, to propel = a boat, or a=20 noisy argument?

In Old English, raw, = r=E6w,=20 and in Middle English rawe, rowe, meant line, series, row. They = are=20 related to Old High German riga, line, and words in other = European=20 languages. Modern German Reihe means row, rank, line.

Old English = rowan meant to=20 row a boat. In Middle English, it became rowen. Related to Middle = High=20 German r=FCejen, it became rudern in modern German.

Row as a noisy quarrel = came into=20 use in the 18th century. Most dictionaries indicate =91uncertain = origin=92 but one=20 or two relate it to the word rouse, in the sense of a drunken=20 uproar.   Back to list of=20 words

scrap
Noun. A=20 small piece or fragment of something that has broken off or been torn = off. In=20 about the 14th century, a scrappe denoted a scrap of food. In the = 16th=20 century, it came to mean a small piece of anything.
Verb. Finish with = something, throw something out.
Verb and noun. Slang for fight or = quarrel,=20 from the mid-1850s. It was probably adapted from "scrape".
seal
Noun. One of many = types of=20 fur-coated sea mammal. From Old English seol.
Verb. To close = something=20 so that it cannot easily be opened. Related to the next = meaning:
Noun. A=20 design pressed or stamped into a piece of wax to close or authenticate a = document. From 13th century Old French seel.
season Time = of year or add=20 flavour to food?

Middle English = sesoun from=20 13th century seson from Latin serere, to sow relate to=20 seseli, plant. The seasons of the year were related to seedtime = and=20 harvest, sowing and reaping. To season, as in adding herbs to food, = comes from a=20 directly related source: 16th century French saisonner.

Modern French for = season, as a=20 time of the year, is saison, for to season food is=20 assaisonner.

There has been very = little change=20 in these two related words in their short life in English.   = Back to list of=20 words

shell Husk of a nut or = destructive=20 projectile?

Old = English=20 scell, sciell related to Middle Low German schelle, pod, = shell. In=20 Middle English, schelle could mean shell, drinking vessel or = anything=20 hollow. In the 17th century, the same meaning was adapted for a metal or = board=20 container for chemicals making up a firework or other explosive. About = the same=20 time, it came to be used for the actual explosive device, a bomb fired = from a=20 cannon or large gun.   Back to list of=20 words

shed
Noun. A simple=20 or roughly built outhouse for storage or for keeping animals. From 16th = century=20 Middle English, perhaps related to the word "shade".
Verb. Get rid = off, cast=20 off, throw off, let fall. From Old English sceadan, to separate,=20 divide.
sole Part of the foot, a fish, or = only?

Sole as part of the = foot came=20 into English in Old English or Middle English period, depending on which = dictionary you consult, via an Old French word from Latin solea, = a sandal=20 or shoe, which is related to solum, ground, floor, bottom.

The fish was given the = same name=20 in Middle English, i.e., later, because of its shape.

Sole meaning the only = one was=20 adapted in the 14th century from Old French soule, from Latin=20 solus, alone. During the 15th century, it could also mean = unmarried or=20 celibate.    Back to list of=20 words

sound Noise, sea channel or = free from=20 damage?

Relating to noise, the = word came=20 from 13th century Old French soner, to make a sound, which comes = from=20 Latin sonus, a sound. Middle English son meant sound.

Middle English = sund=20 referred to the sound of the sea and also meant strait. It comes from = Old=20 English sund, meaning the sea, a channel or water, and also = swimming.=20 From this, we get the use of sound as a channel between the mainland and = an=20 island.

Sound in the sense of = free of=20 fault of damage comes from Old Saxon gisund and Old English=20 gesund, safe and sound, unharmed, also favourable. In Middle = English,=20 gesund meant sound and healthy.   Back to list of=20 words

spell
Noun. A=20 short or indeterminate (=3D not fixed) period of time, work, or rest. = Adapted from=20 Old English spelian, to represent, to take the place of.
Noun. = A group=20 of words that is supposed to have magical powers. Origin perhaps related = to the=20 next usage:
Verb. Say or write the letters of a word in the correct = order.=20 From Old English spellian, to relate.
spring All = from the=20 same origin
Noun. A natural flow of water = from=20 beneath the ground. A source of supply.
Noun. The season of the year = between=20 winter and summer. It is the season when flowers and blossoms spring=20 forth.
Noun. A coil of wire which bounces back to its original shape = when it=20 is stretched or pressed and then released.
Verb. Leap or pounce. =
All uses=20 have developed from the same Old English verb, springan, to jump, = leap,=20 spring.
squash
Noun. An edible = fruit of the=20 gourd family which is served as a vegetable. The name first appeared in = print in=20 English in 1643.
Noun. A ball game played by two players with = racquets. From=20 19th century English.
Noun. A type of drink made with fruit juice and = water.=20 From 19th century English.
Verb. Compress, crush. squeeze tight. From = 14th=20 century Old French esquasser, to crush.

staff Employees or walking=20 stick?

Old English = st=E6f meant=20 staff and also letter. Stafas meant letters, writing, literature. = In its=20 early usage st=E6f could mean literally a wooden staff to help a = walker,=20 and figuratively a source of support. In the second meaning, it could = denote the=20 military personnel who supported a commanding officer. In the 19th = century it=20 was applied to salaried employees of non-military organisations such as = schools.=20 The two different meanings thus arise from literal and figurative use of = the=20 same word.

The meaning of = st=E6f as a=20 letter, or even a verse in Middle English, and st=E6fcr=E6ft = meaning grammar,=20 have almost died out. The only remaining use is in a stave, from the = plural=20 stafas, in music, which comes from the plural of = staff.   Back to list of=20 words

stalk Part of a plant or to = follow=20 somebody?

Stalk, for a plant, = comes from=20 Old English stalu, an upright piece of wood, which became = stale, stalk=20 of a plant, rung of a ladder, in Middle English with the diminutive = form=20 stalke, stalk or reed.

Bestealcian in Old = English=20 meant to walk stealthily, probably related to bestalan, to depart = stealthily. Stalcung was stalking. Middle English stalkin, = from=20 Danish stalke, was to go softly.   

stall A market booth or an = engine=20 stopping?

Old English = steall was a=20 place for standing, a position or a state of affairs. In Middle = English, stal=20 meant a place or station. Both modern English meanings come from the = same=20 origins. A market stall is a place for standing =97 to stall a car is to = bring it=20 to standing position.  

staple
Noun and=20 verb. A type of paper fastener. To staple papers together. It developed = from an=20 Old English word, stapol, a post, stake, and stapel-post, fencing = stake.
Adjective. The most important, as in "Rice is their staple = diet". Also=20 used as a noun. From 14th century Old French, estaple,=20 market.
state A province, a condition or to say=20 clearly?

13th century = stat from Old=20 French estat, meaning estate, state, from Latin status, = posture,=20 attitude, position. The same meaning was related to the condition and=20 circumstances of an individual and to organisation of a nation. In the = 16th and=20 17th centuries, the meaning developed of setting out conditions, of = expressing=20 clearly.    Back to list of=20 words

stem Plant stalk or to stop a=20 flow?

Old English stefn, = stemn=20 meant the stem of a tree or ship, a trunk, or a root. Related to Old = Norse=20 stafn, the stem, the upright timber structure at the bow, of a = ship. Also=20 Old High German stam, from which comes modern German = Stamm, stalk.=20

15th century = stemmen meant=20 to stop. It is related to Old Norse stamr, blocked, and Old High = German=20 stemmen, to prop. Modern German Stemmen can mean to = dam up,=20 to stem the flow, and also to prop, to stand firm against.   = Back to list of=20 words

stick Piece of wood or to = adhere to=20 something?

Our thin piece of wood = gets its=20 name from Old English sticca, stick, peg or spoon, and Middle = English=20 sticke, stick or fragment. Related to Old High German = stecca.=20 Modern German St=FCck means piece, bit, fragment and Stock = is stick,=20 staff, rod.

To stick in the sense = of to=20 remain fixed or attached comes from Old English stician, to = pierce. This=20 became stikien in Middle English, meaning stick, stab, or prick. = The=20 original idea of making something stick was by pushing its pointed end = into=20 something. The meaning of using pins or an adhesive substance, to make = another=20 object stick firmly, came a little later.   Back to list of=20 words

stunt
Noun. A=20 difficult, unusual or dangerous feat or performance. First used in = American=20 English in the late 1800s but the etymology (origin and history of the = word) is=20 unknown.
Verb. Check or delay the growth of something. Probably from = 16th=20 century Scandinavian origins.

tap A water valve or a light=20 knock?

T=E6ppa in Old = English came=20 from Old Norse tappi, meaning a stopper to plug a hole in a = barrel or=20 cask. It is related to Old High German zapfo, zapho. In Middle = English,=20 it became tappe, which was also the Middle English version of Old = English=20 t=E6epe, tape. A tappestere was a tapster, a bar-maid. = Tappen=20 meant to draw water. 13th century tappen was also added to = English from=20 the Old Middle German word for to tap, to beat. You can see that similar = or=20 identical words with different meanings have a long history!

In modern German, = Zapfen=20 is a plug, Zapfhahn a tap.   Back to list of=20 words

tender
There are=20 several uses of this word. Here are just a few of them.
Noun. The = carrier at=20 the rear of a steam locomotive where coal is stored. Not a common usage=20 nowadays.
Verb. To offer or present in hope of acceptance. =
Adjective.=20 Soft, not tough, affectionate. "Tender skin." "Tender hearted."
tense
Noun. A form of a = verb which=20 indicates the time of action. Past tense, Present tense. Future tense. = Used in=20 English since the 1300s.
Adjective. Nervy, uneasy, not relaxed. = Borrowed from=20 Latin tensus, stretched, in the late 1600s.
tick A nasty = parasite or the=20 noise of a clock?

The insect gets its = name from Old=20 English ticca, ticia, which became tike in Middle English. = Tick as=20 a metallic clicking noise came into English in the 13th century from Low = German=20 tikk, meaning a light touch. It was not used for the noise such = as that=20 made by a clock until late in the 17th century. In the 19th century, as = a quick=20 touch of the pen, it came to denote a tick on paper.    = Back to list of=20 words

tide The movement of the sea or = a time of=20 year?

Old English tid = meant=20 time, hour or time, in the sense of a season, such as in Christmastide. = It came=20 to be used in about the 15th century for the daily tides of the sea, = which was=20 related to time by the movement of the moon.

Our word tidy = comes from=20 the same source. In Middle English, tidi meant seasonable,=20 honest.  

till To cultivate or a drawer = for=20 money?

In Old English, = tilian=20 meant to try, to attempt, and also to gain one's living. The underlying = meaning=20 was =91endeavour=92. Tilling the soil was, of course, a major way of = making one's=20 living.

As a drawer for cash, = the use of=20 the word started in the 15th century but its ultimate source is = uncertain. In=20 Middle English, tillen meant to reach, extend or draw, from Old = English=20 fortylan, to draw out.    Back to list of=20 words

tip A point or to push=20 over?

As a point or apex, = typpa=20 came into English in the 15th century from Old Norse typpa, = according to=20 one major dictionary. However, A Middle-English Dictionary states = that it=20 is related to Middle High German zipf, tip, extremity, from which = modern=20 German for tip is Zipfel. Barnhart's Dictionary of = Etymology=20 traces it back to the 12th century, related to various historical German = and=20 Dutch terms, including zipf.

The use of tip meaning = to topple=20 or fall over is from the 14th century, with uncertain origins. The = Middle=20 English dictionary links tippen, to overthrow, with Swedish = tippa,=20 overthrow.

A tip as a payment for = services=20 is from early in the 18th century, perhaps from tap, a light blow. In=20 underground slang, to tip was to give or to lend. A light blow might = have=20 encouraged an unwilling giver to succumb.   Back to list of=20 words

toll A tax or to = ring?

Old English toll = or=20 toln meant a tax, tollere a tax-collector. Middle English=20 tollen was to pay or to take a toll. They come ultimately from = Greek=20 telos, tax.

Toll in the sense of = the pealing=20 of a bell came in the 15th century, probably from Middle English = tollen,=20 to draw, entice, as the bell was used to draw people to church. In this = way, it=20 might be related to fortylan, to draw out (see Till).   = Back to list of=20 words

top The highest point or a = spinning=20 toy?

As the highest point, = the word=20 comes straight from Old English top, topp. It is related to Old = High=20 German zopf, meaning top, head or tuft of hair. Now, in modern = German,=20 Zopf means a plait of hair.

As a wooden toy, the = same word=20 has its origin in Old English. Dictionaries report that its origins and = related=20 words are uncertain. One dictionary links it with Middle High German=20 topf, which may or may not be related to modern German = Topf, pot=20 or jar, on account of its shape. Another links it with tip, as the top, = or=20 point, is the point on which it spins.   Back to list of=20 words

trip
Noun. A=20 journey, a tour.
Verb. To stumble, to miss a step and fall. Also = used a=20 noun.

tuck Fold or=20 food?

As folding or tucking = cloth, the=20 word originated in Old English tucian, which meant, rather = surprisingly,=20 to torment, to chastise. However, it is linked to tucken in other = European languages, in the sense of to tug, to pull sharply. These = meanings of=20 physical manipulation seem to have given rise to it as a way of handling = a piece=20 of material or a sheet when we are tucking it in, pushing and pulling = almost as=20 punishment.

Tuck as food has a more = difficult=20 history to trace. Partridge's Dictionary of Historical Slang = offers a=20 possible origin, in the 18th century schoolboy and slang use of =91tuck = up=92 and=20 19th century =91tuck in=92 as to over-eat, to push too much food into = one's mouth.=20 Morriss's Dictionary of Australian Words, first published = in 1898=20 as Austral English, confirms the schoolboy slang of tuck for = food,=20 especially pastry, in relation to the Australian slang tucker, food.

Friar Tuck, the famous = friend of=20 Robin Hood, had no particular liking for food. According to one source, = his name=20 was actually Tooke. But there is a more likely story in Folklore, = Myths and=20 Legends of Britain. A renowned friar in Yorkshire is said to have = challenged=20 Robin Hood to a sword fight. Robin won the fight but invited the friar = to join=20 his band, naming him Friar Tuck. This could arise from the fact that a = tuck in=20 olden times was a rapier, a type of slender sword.   Back to list of=20 words

utter

verb: to speak. This might have = come into=20 English in about the 14th century from Dutch and German words meaning to = make=20 known, to show.

adjective: total, complete. = Originally from=20 Old English utera, meaning "outer", it seems to have taken on the = meaning=20 of total, complete, in about the 15th century.

volume

noun: a book or one of a series = of books.=20

noun: the amount of space = occupied by=20 something.

noun: the loudness of a = sound.

All of the above uses developed = from an Old=20 French word borrowed in about the 14th century, It originally came from = Latin=20 volumen, a roll, a book, from the verb volvere meaning "to = roll=20 up".

wake

verb: to rouse from being asleep. = From Old=20 English waclan.

noun: the pattern of water = spreading behind a=20 moving boat or ship. Probably came into English in the 16th century, = related to=20 Old Norse vak, implying a hole.

well

adverb: satisfactorily, in a good = way. From=20 Old English wel.

adjective: in good health. The = same as=20 above.

noun: a hole dug in the ground = for water,=20 oil, etc. From Old English wella related to Germanic words = meaning=20 "wave".

wind A current of air or to = turn round and=20 round?

Old English had = wind and=20 also windig for windy. It also had windan for to win, to = twist and=20 in words related to rolling and flying. Old High German does not help us = very=20 much, with equally similar wint.

The first meaning comes = from the=20 Latin ventus, wind (as in current of air). The second, in its = original=20 meaning, implied to move quickly and, later, to haul up.

Middle English had = wind,=20 for the current of air, wind-milne, windmill, wind-oge, = window=20 (literally meaning wind-eye). There was also winden, wind, turn, = twist,=20 windi, windy, and windwen, winnow.   Back to list of=20 words

wound

noun: an injury such as a cut = caused by=20 violence. From Old English wund.

verb: the past tense of the verb = "wind" which=20 came from Old English windan which is related to other Germanic = words.=20 The other use of "wind" meaning a current of air came from Old English=20 wind which is related to Latin = ventus.

yard A measurement or a back=20 garden?

The measurement = developed from=20 Old English gerd, gierd, a rod or a twig, from Old Saxon = gerdia,=20 switch (a flexible twig). This was applied to gerde, a stick=20 approximately three feet long, used for measurement. Chaucer uses = yerde=20 to denote a spear.

Old English = geard was a=20 yard, piece of land, garden or dwelling place. It is related to Old High = German=20 gart, which is reflected in garth, a yard, now seen only in the = almost=20 obsolete bishopsgarth, bishop's dwelling place.    Back to list of=20 words

 

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