From: HOMONYMS =97 WORDS WITH MORE THAN ONE MEANING =
=97 WORDS WITH=20
SEVERAL MEANINGS =97 WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS Homonyms There is a strange =
puzzle in the=20
English language =97 we have many words which have more than one =
meaning. The=20
meanings are sometimes totally unrelated =97 how can one word mean two =
or more=20
different things? For instance, how can lead be a verb meaning to =
go=20
first and also the name of a heavy metal? How can bear be a noun =
for a=20
type of animal and also a verb meaning carry? The answer lies in the =
fact that=20
English is an invaded language =97 it has been influenced by many =
other=20
languages over its long history. Words which now look the same might =
have come=20
from entirely different sources. Some words might have started from the =
same=20
source but gradually acquired different shades of meaning between, say, =
the 13th=20
and 16th centuries. Another factor is =
involved. As=20
centuries go by, and different words are coined or adopted from other =
languages,=20
the way they are pronounced might shift and change in emphasis. An =
example of=20
this is explained under bear. Here are the brief stories behind =
nearly=20
150 of those apparently confusing words which make English such a rich =
language.=20
This section gives you =
the main=20
meanings of many homonyms. It does not list every meaning. The =
simplified=20
history of most words is explained in brief. There is a HUGE amount of=20
information in this section to enrich your brain, so rummage around! NOTE: Homophones are words which are =
pronounced the=20
same way even though their spelling differs. There is a section on=20
homophones here. air Breathe it or sing=20
it? angle Where two straight lines meet or to=20
fish? The way we measure the =
space=20
between two straight lines came into English in the 14th century from a =
French=20
word. Its origin is in the Latin word angulus, which means =
corner. Angle meaning to fish =
comes from=20
the Old English word angil, angul, a fish-hook. At the time angle =
came=20
into English as a word used for a measurement, the word for a fish-hook =
was=20
angel. There was no confusion with heavenly beings, because one =
of those=20
was called an engel, the Old English word from a Latin word=20
angelus. Meanwhile, the Angles =
were one of=20
the tribes that invaded Britain in the 5th century. Their name forms =
part of=20
Anglo-Saxon, denoting the people whose language gave rise to =
English. It=20
is also found in the part of England still called East Anglia. They came =
from an=20
area of the country we now call Germany. The Romans called them =
Anglus=20
because the land from which they came was said to be shaped like a =
fish-hook.=20
Sailing in small boats round the Danish peninsula, from west to east,=20
negotiating the overall shape as well as the twists and turns, could =
give this=20
impression. When Pope Gregory I =
(560=96604) saw=20
a group of Anglo-Saxon child-slaves being offered for sale, he was =
struck by=20
their beauty, and commented, Nam et angelicum habent faciem, =
=91For they=20
have the faces of angels=92. In popular folkore, this has become, Non =
Angli,=20
sed Angeli, =91Not Angles, but angels=92. Click a homonym in this panel to go to the=20
explanation:
=
The word for the air we breathe =
came into=20
English from Old French about 800 years ago.
Air can also mean the =
manner or=20
appearance or the impression a person makes, in statements like "She had =
a=20
distinctive air about her". That came from a different French word in =
the later=20
1500s.
Air can also mean a melody or a tune. With this meaning, it =
was=20
borrowed from the Italian word aria.
ball A round object or a=20 dance?
The spherical object = used in=20 games gets its name from an Old Norse word, bollr. It came into = English=20 around the 13th century and was known as a balle.
In Middle English, =
ballen=20
meant to dance. It came from an Old French word, baller. Its use =
as a=20
noun to describe an organised dance started in the 17th century. The =
word ballet=20
came into English at about the same time but was adapted from the =
Italian=20
balletto, meaning a little dance.
bank The side of a river or a = place for=20 money?
Meaning the edge of a = river or a=20 raised area of ground, bank came into English in the 12th century. It = was=20 adapted from Scandinavian words like Swedish backe and Danish=20 banke. In Middle English, bank meant a mound or a shore. = Bonk=20 meant mound of earth. One of the best loved references to this type of = bank is=20 in Oberon's song in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's = Dream:
I know a bank where the = wild=20 thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the = nodding=20 violet grows,
Quite over-canopied = with luscious=20 woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses, = and with=20 eglantine;
There sleeps Titania=20 sometime
The word for a =
financial=20
institution came into English in the 15th century, adapted from such =
words as=20
Italian bance and French banque.
bat A flying mammal or a wooden=20 rod?
The name of the little = animal=20 came into English as bakke around the 14th century from = Scandinavian=20 words such as Old Norse ledhrblaka, =91leather-flapper=92 and = Swedish=20 natbakka, =91night-bat=92.
In Middle English at = that time,=20 bat was already used for boat, from Old Norse batr, which = has=20 survived in modern Icelandic as b=E1tur. Bats have the unusual = distinction=20 of being mentioned only three times in the Bible: Leviticus 11:19, = Deuteronomy=20 14:18 and Isaiah 2:20.
Batty, meaning crazy or = dotty,=20 did not come into use until the 16th century, as an allusion to the = erratic=20 movements of bats.
In =
Old=20
English, batt meant mean wooden club. It might have come from an =
Irish=20
(Celtic) word, bat and thus be one of the few Celtic words that =
have=20
survived in English.
bay Coastal inlet, and =
more
This word has several =
uses. Here=20
are four of them:
1. An inlet on the sea-coast, larger than a cove =
but=20
smaller than a gulf. It came into English before the 15th century, =
perhaps from=20
the French word baie.
2. The bark of a hunting dog when it can scent =
its=20
prey. It probably came from another 15th century French word, abaier, to =
bark.=20
Also used as a verb, to bay.
3. A type of small tree or shrub. The =
leaves are=20
used for flavouring. From a 14th century French word baie. Notice that =
in this=20
case, the original Old French words might also have been homonyms.
4. =
The=20
reddish-brown colour of some horses. From 14th century Old French =
bai.
This=20
set of synonyms is an example of how words were borrowed from Old French =
in the=20
centuries following the Norman Conquest.
bear A furry animal or to=20 carry?
The furry animals were = well-known=20 to the folk of England. Their word was bera. Old English was a = Germanic=20 language. The modern German word is very similar to ours, = B=E4r.
The verb meaning to = carry was=20 beran in Old English so it has also been in the language for a = very long=20 time. In fact, it occurs in the classic saga Beowulf, written in = about=20 725 AD, e.g:
Hi hyne =FEa = =E6tb=E6ron to brimes=20 faro=F0e [=E6t=E6ron =3D bore away]
His companions bore him = away to=20 the edge of the sea.
leton holm = beran
let the sea bear [him = away]
...Gewita=FE for=F0 = beran
w=E6pen ond = gew=E6du...
Go forth bearing
weapons and weeds = [clothes,=20 armour]
Beren was an =
adjective=20
meaning made of bear-skin. Even in Old English, the word with two =
meanings looks=20
similar. In Middle English they both became bere. The difference =
was in=20
the way each version was pronounced. The word for the animal had a =
longer =91ee=92=20
sound.
beef Cow meat or to=20 complain?
The word for the meat = came into=20 English in the 13th century as boef, bef, from Old French = boef.=20 The modern French word for cow is very similar. It has its source in = the=20 Latin bos, bovis. So that's where we get our word bovine! The = earlier Old=20 English words for the meat were related to cu, cow.
Dictionaries=20
tell us that the use of the same word for to complain or grumble comes =
from USA=20
farming slang in the 19th century. However, a different story is told by =
an 18th=20
century of English slang, where to beef was to shout, to yell, =
particularly at=20
an actor on stage.
boil=20
Two meanngs
Verb. To boil water, making it =
bubble and=20
steam. First appeared in print in English around 1300, from French words =
like=20
boillir, buillir, which came from Latin bullire, meaning to =
buble, to=20
steam.
Noun. An unpleasant and painful swelling on the skin has been =
used=20
since Old English byle, which meant a boil or a carbuncle. There =
are=20
similar words in other European languages because it has a very long =
history in=20
the Indo-European language group, which is explained on my other website =
The=20
Brain Rummager Too.
boot On your foot, a car, or =
your=20
computer?
The footwear word came = into=20 English in the 14th century from Old French bote. Its earlier = history is=20 not known for certain, but it might be related to butt, meaning = something blunt=20 and stumpy.
It use for the luggage=20 compartment of a car derives from the word used from the 16th century = for an=20 open area on a coach where attendants would sit or stand. It was also = used for=20 the space beneath a seat where luggage could be stored. The origin of = this usage=20 seems to be lost in the mists of time. Perhaps it related to the idea = that a=20 boot was a sort of container.
But how is it that we = boot up a=20 computer? Well, footwear comes into this one, too. In the 19th century, = a=20 bootstrap was attached to a boot to help in pulling it on. To bootstrap = was to=20 go through the first part of the procedure of putting on one's boots. In = the=20 early 1960s, the term was adopted to denote the process of getting a = computer=20 ready for work.
Boot used to have = another meaning=20 related to =91advantage=92 or to something given as extra to what was = already there.=20 An example of this usage could be in a statement such as, =91This food = is rich and=20 tasty, and colourful to boot=92. In this case, boot comes from Old = English=20 bot, benefit, compensation. Middle English had bote, = meaning=20 remedy, repair. They are related to Old High German buoza, = improvement.=20 This use of boot appears as early as about 725 AD in the saga = Beowulf,=20 chapter 14:
=D0=E6t w=E6s ungeara = =FE=E6t ic =E6nigra=20 me
weana ne wende to widan = feore
bote gebidan...
It was but recently = that I was in=20 great misery [depair of ever] receiving a remedy...
It appears in Chaucer's = Canterbury Tales, e.g., =91The Squire's Tale=92:
She shal eek knowe, and = whome it=20 wol do boote
She shall soon know, =
and whom it=20
will cure
bowl A dish or to throw a=20 ball?
In Old English, = bolla=20 meant bowl, from earlier Anglo-Saxon bollo.. In later Middle = English,=20 bolle meant globe or bowl. Our word ball comes from the later = 13th=20 century Old Norse b=F6llr, which comes from Latin bulla, a = knob.=20
Bowl meaning to throw a =
ball did=20
not come into English until the 15th century, from French boule, =
but the=20
word boule was already used in Middle English for a bowl in the =
sense of=20
dish.
box A container or to have a = fist=20 fight?
The = word for the=20 container comes straight from Old English. It comes from the Latin name = of the=20 box tree, buxus, which is related to the name given to a = container for=20 medicine, pyxis.
To =
box someone=20
by hitting them comes from the 14th century, perhaps from Dutch =
boken, to=20
push into position.
bud=20
Flowers and friends?
A partially opened =
flower. The=20
first part of a flower's growth on its stem. It has been in English =
since the=20
1400s.
Bud and buddy meaning a friend first appeared in American =
English=20
about 150 years ago. They might have come from baby-talk for=20
"brother".
cape Cloak or land jutting out to =
sea?
Cape meaning an item of = clothing=20 comes from 16th century French capa, from the Latin cappa, = hood,=20 from which we also get the word cap. The Latin word for cape was = chlamyx,=20 which survives in English only in technical words related to biological = and=20 medical matters.
Cape meaning a headland =
comes=20
from 14th century cap, which comes from Latin caput, head. =
The=20
Latin for cape in this sense was promunturium, from which we get=20
promontory.
noun: A pickled flower bud used to flavour food. Came into = English in=20 the 15th century from Latin and Greek words.
noun: A prank, a playful activity for amusement. Came into = English in=20 the 16th century but its origin is uncertain.
noun: A type of fish. Came into = English in=20 the 14th century from an Old French carpe.
verb: To find fault or complain = about small=20 matters. 13th century, from Old Norse karpa, to = boast.
noun: an occurrence, instance or = example.=20 Check your dictionary to see how it is used. From Old English = casus,=20 which was used in the sense of a case in grammar; related to Old French=20 cas, a happening.
noun: a box or container. 13th =
century from=20
Old French casse, from Latin capere, to take hold of=20
something.
cast
The verb meaning =
to throw came=20
from Scandinavian words about 900 years ago. In modern Icelandic, which =
descends=20
from the language of the Vikings, kasta still means "to =
throw".
The=20
later use meaning a list of people, actors, taking part in a play =
developed from=20
the same origin, with the sense of organising, putting together. The =
same=20
applies to something formed by pouring liquid metal or plastic into a =
cast, the=20
mould that makes the shape.
Caste, a homophone meaning a particular =
group of=20
people in society, has a completely different origin and is not=20
related.
cataract All sorts of =
meanings
This word has been used in English for about 600 years. It =
comes from old=20
Latin and Greek words meaning to strike or to dash down, like a =
portcullis. It=20
is used for a large waterfall that crashes down. The same word is used =
for a=20
medical condition where the eye is clouded. The idea behind this use was =
originally that something has come down like a portcullis and blocked=20
sight.
club
This word for a type =
of weapon=20
came from Scandinavian words meaning heavy stick, gavel, club, about 800 =
years=20
ago. It can also mean:
1. A wooden bat or stick used to hit a ball in =
some=20
sporting games.
2. One of the suits in a pack of playing cards =
comprising=20
hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs.
3. A group of people who meet =
together. Also=20
the place, the room, where they meet.
How these different uses =
developed from=20
the same origin is very complicated.
cordial
Adjective. A cordial greeting is an open, friendly greeting. A =
cordial=20
person is a happy, affable person.
Noun. A cordial is drink made =
with fruit=20
juice and water. It was so called because it is a drink which makes you=20
happy.
The word is from 14th century Latin cordialis, relating =
to the=20
heart.
count
verb: to check a number of things = in sequence=20 to see how many there are. Adopted into English in the 13th century from = Old=20 French conter.
noun: the act of counting. As=20 above.
noun: title of a nobleman in some = European=20 countries. 16th century from Old French conte.
noun: a table or other structure = over which=20 purchases are made in a shop. From 13th century Old French = comptouer;=20 related to count above.
noun: something or someone who = counts.=20 Related to count, above.
verb: to oppose something. The = word came from=20 Norman French contre, meaning "against", in the 15th = century.
adverb: in the opposite =
direction. The same=20
origin as the verb above.
cricket
The=20
leaping, chirping insect gets its name from 14th century Middle English=20
criket. It is thought to be an "imitative" word =97 the sound of =
the word=20
imitates the sound made by the cricket when it chirps.
The game gets =
its name=20
from the French word criquet, from the late 16th=20
century.
curry
Noun. The name of the spicy =
Indian food=20
comes from a Tamil word, kari. It was first used in English in =
the late=20
1600s.
Verb. When you curry a horse you do not cook it in spices! You =
comb it=20
with a currycomb. This form of curry probably comes from 14th century =
French=20
words meaning to prepare, to make ready, a horse. The figurative phrase =
"curry a=20
favour" means to seek a favour by perhaps devious means =97 it's rather =
like being=20
nice to a horse so that it will be nice to =
you!
dash A short =
stroke of the=20
pen or to rush?
In this case, both = words come=20 from the same source, Middle English daschen, which could mean = both to=20 strike and to rush. The earliest meaning was to strike something = violently.
Dashboard=20
originally meant a wooden flap at the front of a carriage to prevent mud =
from=20
splashing up. This meaning is related to a dash of something thrown into =
something else.
date=20
A time or a fruit
Meaning a time at which =
an event=20
occurs, it came into English from Latin in the 14th century.
Meaning =
a type=20
of fruit which grows on a palm-tree, it came into English at about the =
same time=20
but from words related to "dactyl" that meant finger or=20
finger-shaped.
deck A ship's deck of a pack of =
cards?
Both come from the same = source.=20 The word came in the 15th century from Dutch dec, a covering. It = referred=20 to the planks of wood used as a covering in a boat which eventually = became the=20 part of the boat we walk on. It used for a pack of cards came in the = 16th=20 century, and probably relates to the similarity in appearance of a stack = of=20 planks and a pack of cards, as uniform flat items.
To deck somebody out =
with clothes=20
also relates to Dutch dekken through Old English theccan =
from=20
which we also get our word thatch.
dough=20
Meaning mixture of flour and water for bread-making, it =
was=20
doh in Old English over 1,000 years ago. Used as a slang word for =
"money"=20
it rose in American English about 150 years ago, perhaps because of the=20
importance of having bread as a symbol of being rich or =
poor.
drill
Several uses of this =
word came=20
into English in the 1600s and 1700s. Here are some of them:
1. Verb. =
To learn=20
something, fix it firmly in your mind, by repetition. Also used as noun. =
Often=20
used in reference to Army routines and exercises.
2. Verb. To bore a =
hole in=20
something. Also noun, for the instrument with which you make a hole. =
3.=20
Noun. A type of African baboon which is related to mandrills.
4. =
Noun. A=20
shallow trench in the soil in which seeds are sown.
5. Noun. A type =
of strong=20
cotton fabric.
6. Noun. A type of marine snail.
duck =
1. Noun. A water-bird. The word comes from Old English =
duce and=20
Middle English doke.
2. Verb. To dive or plunge into water. =
This=20
meaning comes from similar origins to the above.
3. Noun. A type of =
strong=20
cotton cloth. This form of the word came into English in the 17th =
century from=20
the Dutch word doek.
4. Noun. A term of endearment. To call =
someone=20
your duck or duckie is similar to calling them your darling. It came =
into=20
English in the 16th century.
5. Noun. A score of nil (nothing); "out =
for a=20
duck" in a game of cricket. This came into use about 150 years ago, =
perhaps from=20
the idea that the figure 0 is the same shape as a duck's=20
egg.
entrance
noun: a place through which one = enters, such=20 as a door. 16th century from French entrer, to enter.
noun: the act of entering. As=20 above.
verb: to attract, to fill with = delight.=20 Related to the above origin but from earlier Latin word meaning = "inside". You=20 can see how the meaning emerged if you follow this sequence of ideas: = enter >=20 into > in > inside > fill.
verb: to put something into = words. It came=20 into English in the 14th century from Latin expressus which means = literally push out, squeeze out.
adjective: fast, such as an =
express train,=20
express mail. Came from the same origin as above. =
fair
1. Adjective.=20
Meaning lovely or beautiful, when describing someone, it comes from Old =
English=20
f=E6ger, beautiful. This meaning is not used very much nowadays, =
apart from=20
in poetry.
2. Adjective. Meaning of light complexion, or light =
coloured=20
(blonde) hair, it has been used in English for over 800 years.
3. =
Adjective.=20
Meaning reasonable, equitable, free from self-interest, it developed in =
the 14th=20
century.
3. Noun. Meaning a gathering of people to sell and barter =
goods, or=20
to enjoy entertainment, and also a travelling show of rides, stalls and=20
sideshows, this form of the word came into English from French in the =
14th=20
century.
fast Speedy, tight or to go without =
food?
The Old English = adjective=20 f=E6st meant fast, firm, strong. The adverb f=E6ste meant = fast,=20 firmly, vigorously. They are related to Old High German festi, = firm.=20 Modern German for firm, solid, is fest.
To fast by abstaining =
from food,=20
in Old English, was f=E6stnian, related to Old High German =
fasten,=20
to fast, and the same word is used in modern German.
file Cardboard folder or metal = rasping=20 tool?
The word for folder has = an=20 interesting history. It came into English in the 16th century from the = French=20 verb filer, to string on a thread. This relates to storing = documents by=20 tying them together with string. It comes from the Latin filum, = meaning=20 thread, from which we also get our word filament. In Middle English,=20 fildor meant thread of gold. A file was a list, as in Shakespeare's=20 Macbeth, Act 1, Scene 3, where list of special qualities is = compared to a=20 general catalogue:
Ay, in the catalogue ye = go for=20 men,
As hounds and = greyhounds,=20 mongrels, spaniels, curs,
Shoughs, waterrugs, and = demi-wolves are clept
All by the name of = dogs. The=20 valued file
Distinguishes the = swift, the=20 slow, the subtle,
The housekeeper, the = hunter,=20 every one
According to the gift = which=20 bounteous nature
Hath in him closed, = whereby he=20 does receive
Particular addition, = from the=20 bill
That writes them all = alike; and=20 so of men.
Now if you have a = station in the=20 file,
Not i' the worst rank = of manhood,=20 say it,
The hand-tool used for = smoothing=20 rough surfaces gets its name from Old English fil and = feol,=20 related to Old High German fihala and has its roots in the Greek=20 pikros, bitter, sharp.
In Middle English, file =
could=20
also mean a worthless person. This meaning came from Old English =
fylan=20
and ful, from which we also get our words foul and defile. =
However, from=20
the late 16th century, file also referred to a row of people, hence the =
phrase=20
=91rank and file=92 and filing as queuing.
adjective: secure, solid. It was = adopted into=20 English in the 14th century from the Latin word = firmus.
noun: a business organisation, a = company.=20 This word came from the same Latin origin but via the Spanish word = firma,=20 meaning signature, meaning the title of a business partnership. The idea = behind=20 this is that a partnership is regarded as secure.
noun: a piece of cloth with = colours and=20 designs to represent a country or an organisation. It came into English = in about=20 the 16th century but its origin is uncertain.
noun: another name for iris (a = type of=20 flower). This usage of the word came in the 14th century from similar = European=20 words with the same meaning.
verb: to grow weak, to become =
tired. Like the=20
first meaning, above, it came via an uncertain route into English in the =
16th=20
century.
flake
(Noun) A=20
small particle or piece of something, as in snowflake. A small piece =
that has=20
become loose or peeled off a surface, as in a flake of paint.
In =
Australia,=20
the same noun is also used for gummy shark, a type of fish.
As a =
verb, flake=20
used to mean to become flabby or languid. This meaning is now obsolete =
but from=20
about the 1940s we have "to flake out" meaning to faint or fall asleep, =
to=20
suffer the effect of being extremely tired.
flat
adjective: even, level, smooth. = (Check other=20 meanings in your dictionary.) It came into English in the 14th century = from Old=20 Norse flatr. With similar words in other European languages it = originates=20 from the Greek word platus. You can see that it is related to = plate and=20 plateau.
noun: an apartment for = accommodation in a=20 larger building. This comes direct from Old English flett, = meaning floor=20 or house. It is related to the history of the other meaning of=20 flat.
noun: a small hard seed of a cereal plant such as wheat. = This word=20 was borrowed in the 13th century from Old French and had its origin in a = Latin=20 word, granum.
noun: the lines made by fibres in wood, or texture in a = fabric. The=20 same source as above.
gross Twelve dozen or=20 repellent?
Both =
uses of this=20
word come from the same source. A gross meaning 144 originated from the =
French=20
grosse douzaine, large dozen, where gross means large. The word =
came into=20
English in the 14th century from French gros, large. In about the =
16th=20
century, the idea of =91overfed, bulky=92 also came to imply=20
=91repulsive=92.
gum
For about 1,200 years, =
gum has been=20
used as a word for the flesh inside the mouth. It is now used mainly in =
the=20
plural when we talk about our gums.
For about 600 years, from a =
different=20
origin, it has also been used for the sticky substance that oozes out of =
some=20
trees.
About 500 years ago, the above meaning developed to also mean =
gum used=20
to stick things together, glue.
For over 300 years, gumtree has =
denoted any=20
tree that exudes gum. Nowadays, it is used particularly for eucalyptus=20
trees.
habit
noun: a usual way of behaving or = acting. This=20 usage and the next both come from 13th century Latin habitus, = custom,=20 which came from the Latin verb habere, to have.
noun: a type of costume worn by = members of a=20 religious order, e.g., a monk's habit.
noun: small pieces of ice falling = as frozen=20 rain. From Old English h=E6gl.
verb: to fall as hail. As = above.
verb: to greet someone; to call = for someone's=20 attention. From 12th century Old Norse (the language of the Vikings)=20 heill, which meant whole. Our word "hale" comes from the same=20 source.
ham
From exactly the=20
same word in Old English, over 1,000 years ago, ham refers to part of =
the=20
leg.
From the 1600s, it is also used for the dried, salted, of =
smoked, meat=20
of a pig's thigh.
A hamstring, sometimes strained by people playing =
vigorous=20
sport, is a tendon on the side of the leg or at the back of the =
knee.
From=20
about the 1930s, to ham it up has been a derogatory term to describe =
over-acting=20
by a performer.
hatch
verb: to break out of an egg. = Also=20 figuratively, e.g., to hatch a plot. This word came into English in = about the=20 13th century from similar Germanic and Scandinavian words.
noun: an opening in a floor, = roof, wall; the=20 cover for such an opening. From Old English h=E6cc, related to = old words=20 meaning "gate".
noun: a type of bird. From Old = English=20 hafoc, related to other old European words but nothing to do with = the old=20 word from which we get our word "havoc".
verb: to offer things for sale by = going from=20 door to door. From the noun "hawker" which might have come into English = in the=20 16th century from a similar German word.
noun: the bony wider part of the = body below=20 the waist. From Old English hype, related to old German=20 huf.
Noun: the ripe fruit of a rose. = From Old=20 English heopa, related to Old Saxon hiopa.
adjective: being up to date = (slang). This is=20 a 20th century slang term which was also known as "hep".
verb: to bring something from = another=20 country. This word came into English in the 16th century from Latin verb = importare, to carry in.
noun: the importance of something = (not often=20 used). This usage is from the same origin, implying something or someone = distinctive.
noun: if you have an interest in = something,=20 it holds your attention. Came into English in the 15th century from a = Latin=20 phrase meaning "it concerns".
verb: to hold the attention of. = As=20 above.
noun: payment for the use of =
money. From the=20
same source, with a shift in meaning.
noun: a device used for lifting = heavy items=20 such as a car.
Noun: another name for the knave = in a pack of=20 playing cards.
All the uses of "jack" and "Jack" = come from=20 the same origin, which is the 16th century Jakke, another form of = John.=20 To see how they developed, consult a good dictionary.
noun: a spread made of fruit and = sugar.=20
verb: to squeeze together into a = tight or=20 small space.
verb: in radio, to transmit = signals designed=20 to block other signals.
All the uses of this word = probably evolved=20 around the 18th century from the same informal word meaning "to squeeze = in" but=20 its etymology (history) is not known.
noun: a fast-flowing stream of = liquid or gas=20 under pressure. Came into English in the 16th century from a French verb = jeter, to throw.
noun: a vehicle such as an = aeroplane which is=20 powered by jet propulsion. Short for jet plane, jet = aeroplane.
noun: a hard black coal which can = be polished=20 to make jewellery. 14th century from Old French jaiet, from Latin = gagates, from Greek lithos gagates meaning a stone = from=20 Gagai, a place in Asia Minor.
key
The main group=20
of uses for this word started over 1,000 years ago, developing from the =
Old=20
English word c=E6g.
A small metal device used for opening and =
closing a=20
lock.
The figurative use of the first definition =97 something =
crucial to an=20
explanation or solution to a problem.
A list of explanations of =
symbols,=20
e.g., on a map.
A button you press on the keyboard of, e.g., a =
computer.
A=20
lever you press on the keyboard of a musical instrument, e.g., a=20
piano.
Originating in the 16th century, another form of the word =
denotes a=20
musical scale or a set of notes on which a piece of music is =
based. =20
kid
noun: a young deer or goat; a = young person=20 (informal). Came into English in about the 12th century, related to Old = Norse=20 (the language of the Vikings) kith. Not related to our modern = English=20 word "kith", which comes from Old English cynthth.
verb: to tease of trick someone. = Might have=20 been adapted in the 19th century from the above, relating to the = playfulness of=20 a child.
knot Twisted string or the = speed of a=20 boat?
The word comes from Old = English=20 cnotta, related to Middle High German knotze, meaning = knob. Modern=20 German is Knoten. In German, the K in such words is pronounced, = as it was=20 in Old English, but we no longer sound it in modern English. Its = original=20 meaning related to the intertwining of rope. In the 17th century, knots = tied in=20 a long piece of rope or string were used as a measure of speed along a=20 particular course.
The same word was used =
to knobs=20
or knotty parts of timber or plants from the 15th or 16th =
century. =20
lap Splash of water or part of a = race-course?
Related to water = lapping against=20 a boat or on a shore, or to the way an animal drinks, the word comes = from Old=20 English lapian, related to Old High German laffan, from = Latin=20 lambo, to lick, to touch, to wash (as of the water of a river = lapping=20 against the banks),.
As a circuit of a race, = the word=20 came into use during the 19th century. It derives from other uses of lap = in=20 relation to measurement and overlap. These come largely from Middle = English=20 lappe, lap, border, which comes from Old English l=E6ppa, = flap.
Lap in the meaning of = border also=20 gave rise to that part of our body which disappears when we stand up, = our lap.=20 It originates in relation to the borders of the clothing which covered = the area=20 in question.
Lap was also used to = denote a=20 large fold or pocket in one's clothing, as in Chaucer's Canterbury=20 Tales:
...His walet, biforn = hym in his=20 lappe
His knapsack before him = in large=20 pocket.
...And carie it in a = cofre or in=20 a lappe
And carry it in a =
coffer or in a=20
lap
lead To go first or a heavy=20 metal?
In Old English, = l=E6dan=20 meant to lead, show the way, or even carry away. It is related to Old = High=20 German lidan, to go. In modern German, leite is to lead, = to guide,=20 Leitung is direction or guidance.
The heavy metal was =
called=20
lead in Old English, though the pronunciation was not the same as =
we used=20
today. It is related to similar words in other old European languages, =
e.g., Old=20
Frisian lad, Old Dutch lood, Middle High German=20
lot.
Old English and Middle = English=20 hl=E6ne meant thin or poor. They are thought to have a Germanic = origin,=20 perhaps from Lithuanian and Latvian words implying fragment and weak,=20 respectively. The usage in relation to meat came in about the 15th = century.
Lean in the sense of =
inclining=20
towards something comes from Old English hleonian, to lean, to =
rest. This=20
is related to Old High German hlinen. The Latin sources are words =
related=20
to clinatus, inclined.
light Shining or without much=20 weight?
Both come from Old = English=20 leoht, could meant both light in the sense of the opposite of = dark,=20 bright, and also light in the sense of not heavy. Leocht was also = used in=20 relation to weight. At the same time, lyt meant little and = liht=20 meant light in weight, easy. The situation seems confusing, but Skeat's=20 etymological dictionary might have the clue. He suggests that the = meaning=20 related to illumination links with Anglo-Saxon leoht, and the = meaning to=20 do with weight to Anglo-Saxon lecht.
In Middle English, = leoht=20 kept its meaning in relation to illumination but liht related to=20 weight.
In modern German, the = first is=20 now Licht, the second leicht.
Somewhere along the = 1,500 year=20 history of these words, there is a period when the two shades of meaning = diverged. Could it be that light, in the sense of illumination, is an=20 ever-present factor in life but is intangible and cannot be weighed?
There is a third =
meaning. In=20
Middle English, lihte meant lung, giving rise to modern English =
usage of=20
lights for the lungs of animals. Lights in modern German are =
Lunge. =20
litter
Litter can mean the offspring of an =
animal at=20
one birth, e.g., a litter of puppies born to a dog at the same =
time.
It can=20
also mean rubbish which is carelessly dropped or left around.
The =
oldest=20
meaning, from over 700 years ago, is a portable bed. This could also =
mean an=20
important person's chair carried by servants on two poles. Because straw =
was=20
often used for bedding, the word also came to have this meaning, around =
600=20
years ago.
You can work out how these different meanings of the same =
word=20
developed: bed =97 straw for a bed =97 straw spread on the floor =97 =
anything dropped=20
or strewn on the floor.
lock
Meaning a fastener =
on a door,=20
this word comes from Old English loc, which meant a bolt, a =
bar.
From=20
this origin, it also came to mean a section of a canal which can be =
closed off=20
by gates.
Meaning a cluster or tress of hair, it comes from Old =
English=20
locc, which meant a lock of hair or a curl of=20
hair.
long Of great length or to hope?
In the sense of = measurement, long=20 comes from Old English lang, long.
In the sense of =
yearning, it=20
derives from a related Old English word, langian. Longe was also =
used to=20
mean a long time. The meanings are linked, one to space and the other to =
time.
loom A weaving machine or to = come into=20 view?
In Old English, = geloma=20 meant tool. By the time of Middle English, it had been modified to = lome,=20 meaning a loom for weaving as well as a tool or implement.
The origin of the word =
in=20
relation to come into view, perhaps ominously, is not as clear. It came =
into=20
English during the 16th century, perhaps from East Frisian lomen, =
to move=20
slowly. However, in Old English we find leoma ray of light, and =
in Middle=20
English leome, gleam, and leomen, to give light, to=20
shine.
magazine
This word came into =
English from=20
other languages as magosine, in the 16th century. It meant a =
depot, a=20
store. Magazine still means a store-room or depot for ammunition. It =
also means=20
the part of a gun into which cartridges are placed before =
firing.
Magazine=20
also denotes a published book or periodical which is, figuratively, a =
store of=20
information.
maroon
Verb.=20
To maroon someone is to leave or abandon them on a desolate island. This =
form of=20
the word was adapted from French and Spanish words in the 1600s. In its =
older=20
history, it denoted runaway slaves in the West Indies who were hiding in =
the=20
mountains and forests!
Noun. A dark brownish-red colour. This form of =
the=20
word was borrowed from French marron, also in the 1600s.
Note: The =
USA and=20
British pronunciation of this word rhymes with -oon but the common =
Australian=20
pronunciation rhymes with -own.
mass
1. Noun. A=20
lump, a heap, of something. It came into English in the 14th century =
from a=20
French word meaning a lump of dough.
2. Noun. In Physics, the =
property of=20
having weight.
2. Adjective. Involving many people, as in a mass=20
meeting.
3. Noun. The Eucharist, the main service held in Roman =
Catholic and=20
other churches. This meaning comes from adaptations of the Old English =
word=20
m=E6sse, meaning dismissal. The closing words of the Mass are =
"Ite, missa=20
est" meaning, roughly, "Go, it (=3D the prayer) has finished (=3D been=20
sent)".
Noun. A small wooden stick with a combustible head, used for =
lighting=20
fires. It came into English in the 1300s from old words meaning candle =
wick or=20
wick of a lamp.
Noun and verb. An equal, to make equal, to be exactly =
the=20
same. From Old English, about 1,000 years ago, m=E6cca, which =
meant equal,=20
mate, companion.
Noun. A game or contest, as in a cricket match. =
First used=20
in English in about the 1400s.
member
It can mean both a part of the body, such as a limb, and a =
person=20
belonging to a group, e.g., a church member, the member of a club. From =
a 13th=20
century French word, membre, a part of a body.
mean Miserly, =
average or to=20
imply?
In the sense of = miserly, from Old=20 English gem=E6ne, common, and Middle English m=E6ne, = common. The=20 meaning of niggardly did not come until the 18th century, from the 17th = century=20 meaning of unkind. These developed from the meaning of ordinary, poor in = quality.
In the sense of = average, it comes=20 from 14th century French moien, relating to the middle. In modern = French,=20 this has become moyen.
In the sense of to =
imply or=20
communicate a meaning, it comes from Old English m=E6nan, to =
relate, speak=20
of. In Old English and Middle English it could denote complain and moan =
as well=20
as communicate and signify. Moan and mean are related. From the 15th to =
the 18th=20
century, mean could be used in the sense of making a complaint of =
stating a=20
grievance. Could there be shades of this meaning in the colloquial =
phrase still=20
used today, when people say in a critical or whinging manner, =91I =
mean,=92=20
as a response to something they disapprove of?
mess
Around=20
1300, mes meant a portion of food which had been prepared for a =
meal. In=20
the 1400s, it applied particularly to liquid and pulpy food such as =
porridge and=20
gruel.
The figurative use of the same word for confusion, jumble,=20
disorderliness, did not start until the 1800s.
might Power or stating a=20 possibility?
Might as power comes = from Old=20 English miht, meaht, might, strength. power, with the same words = in=20 Middle English. Old English also had m=E6gen, might, power, = virtue, host.=20
Might as a verb is a =
tense of the=20
verb =91may=92 which comes from Old English m=E6g, which became =
m=E6i in=20
Middle English., Until the 15th century, may implied to have to =
power to=20
as well as to be able to.
mind A thinking component or to = take care=20 of?
From Old English =
gemynd,=20
memory, recollection, the mind. To mind in the sense of to take care of =
arose in=20
the 17th century from the earlier sense of to think about, to apply =
oneself, to=20
care for.
mint
A type of=20
herb with a sweet-smelling leaf which is used in cooking. This form of =
the word=20
was in Old English minte, about 1,300 years ago.
A place where =
money=20
is coined for a government or official authority. This form comes from =
the Old=20
English word mynit, meaning coin. Mint, as in mint condition, =
meaning new=20
or fresh developed from the idea of a freshly minted coin.
moor
Noun. A stretch of open land, wasteland, swampland, covered =
with heather=20
and moss. From Old English mor, over 800 years ago.
Verb. To =
bring a=20
boat or ship into a dock or wharf, to secure it to the wharf. From 13th =
century=20
words meaning to tie up, to make secure with rope.
Also used as a =
term for a=20
Moor, one of the Moors, people from northern Africa who conquered Spain =
in the=20
8th century. This comes from ancient Greek and Latin words for an =
inhabitant of=20
the African country Mauritania.
mug
A type of=20
drinking vessel, usually a different shape from a cup and heavier. It =
came into=20
English in the 1500s from Scandinavian words for a jar, a heavy drinking =
vessel.
In the 17th century, mugs were made with grotesque faces on =
them for=20
decoration and amusement. That is how we come to use the same word, mug, =
as a=20
slang term for someone's face.
mummy
The ancient =
Egyptians=20
preserved body is nothing whatever to do with the affectionate word for=20
mother!
We get the word for embalmed bodies from old Latin, Arabic =
and=20
Persian words. In Persian, mumiyah meant asphalt, which was one =
of the=20
substances used to preserve a dead body.
Mummy as an affectionate =
term for=20
mother is simply baby-talk, an informal term, for... guess what... =
mother,
noun: a small cut or small notch. This word came into = English in=20 about the 15th century but its origin is uncertain.
verb: to cut slightly. Also to steal (slang). Both = developed from the=20 above, the second with a figurative meaning.
noun: a type of pasta cut into strips. It came into English = in the=20 18th century from a German word, Nudel.
noun: the head (slang). An 18th century slang = word.
noun: something written down in just a few words. It came = into=20 English in the 13th century from an Old French word which came from = Latin,=20 nota, meaning a sign. The other uses of the word, below, = developed from=20 the same origin. Also used as a verb meaning to notice, e.g., to note = something,=20 to take note of someone's comment.
noun: in music, a single sound or the symbol used to = represent=20 it.
noun: a piece of paper money is called a note or a bank =
note.=20
noun: a thing that can be seen or = felt. It=20 was adopted in English in the 14th century from an old Latin term which = meant=20 "something thrown before" the mind.
a grammatical term for the item = which=20 receives the action of a verb. From an origin related to the above, with = the=20 meaning "to throw against".
verb: to say you do not like or = approve of=20 something.
organnoun: a musical instrument such = as a pipe=20 organ or an electric organ.
noun: a specific part of the body = such as the=20 heart or liver.
noun: a printed paper such as a = newsletter,=20 used to express an opinion or a specific viewpoint of, for example, a = political=20 party.
All the meanings developed from = the 13th=20 century Old French word organe, which came from Latin and Greek = terms=20 meaning "tool".
noun: a sheet of paper, or one = side of it, in=20 a book. Came into English in the 15th century, when book printing really = developed, via a French word from the Latin word = pagina.
noun: a boy who acts as a = servant, sometimes=20 wearing a uniform. Came into English in the 13th century from an Italian = word,=20 paggio, which came from earlier words meaning child. The next = meaning,=20 below, developed from this usage.
verb: to page someone is to have =
their name=20
called in order to find out where they are.
adjective: without much colour. = Came into=20 English around the 13th century from Old French palle, which came = from=20 Latin pallidus.
verb: with the same meaning, to = become pale.=20 You can see that our word "pallid" is related.
(Check your dictionary for other = meanings of=20 this word.)
noun: the flat inner part of your = had. Old=20 English for the palm of the hand was folm, which later, in the = 14th=20 century, was linked with Old French paume.
noun: a type of tree which grows = in tropical=20 countries. Comes from similar sources, so named because its fronds = (branches)=20 spread like the fingers of the hand.
noun: a dish, especially a broad, = shallow=20 dish for cooking. From Old English panne. Other uses of the same = word,=20 including the two below, developed from the same origins. An Old English = term=20 for the skull was literally "brain-pan".
verb: to wash gravel or sand in a = pan when=20 looking for gold.
verb: to criticise strongly. A =
figurative=20
development of the idea of separating gravel from gold.
noun: someone of your own age or = status.=20
noun: a titled person such as a = duke or=20 duchess.
In the above meanings, this word = came into=20 English in the 14th century from Old French per which came from = Latin=20 par, meaning equal.
verb: to look intently in an = attempt to see=20 clearly. This came into English in the 16th century from Flemish = pieren,=20 meaning "to look with narrowed eyes".
pine
Noun. A type of coniferous evergreen tree. The word existed =
in Old=20
English as pin, and is related to Latin pinus.
Verb. To =
pine=20
for something is to yearn for it. This word developed from an Old =
English verb,=20
pinian, to suffer, to torment.
pinion
A bird's wing, a =
joint of a=20
bird's wing, a large feather. Borrowed from French pignon or =
penon=20
in the 15th century.
A small gear with teeth in it, as part of a =
machine.=20
Borrowed from French pignon in the 17th century
pit
A=20
large or deep hole. Sometimes used as a term for a coal-mine. It has =
been in=20
English for over 1,300 years, starting in Old English as pytt, =
meaning=20
water-hole or pit.
The hard seed or pip of a fruit such as a cherry. =
American=20
English, borrowed from Dutch in the mid-1840s.
plug
A bung, a stopper that fits into a hole of a container to =
keep it=20
closed and watertight. Adapted in the early 1600s from the Dutch word=20
plugge.
Also used for the small device which is =
plugged=20
into a socket when connecting something to the electricity =
supply.
Meaning to=20
work hard at something or for an advertisement or marketing promotion, =
it was=20
first used in American English in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
pole
A=20
long rod of wood, metal or plastic. It comes from an Old English word,=20
pal, meaning stake.
Either end of Earth's axis, north pole and =
south=20
pole. First used in English in the late 1300s, perhaps from Latin =
polus,=20
meaning the end of an axis, or the sky.
Also used to denote input and =
output=20
points of a magnet or electrical device.
In olden times, a pole was also a unit = of=20 measurement in Britain, equivalent to 16.5 feet.
pound Unit of currency, a = weight, a lost=20 dogs home, or to hit with force?
The unit of currency = arises from=20 the weight, which comes from Old English pund, the value of a = pound=20 weight of silver (a long time before devaluation!).
The lost dogs home = meaning comes=20 from the meaning of an enclosure from the 14th century prefix = pund-. In=20 Middle English, punfeald or pinfold meant an enclosure = field.
To pound someone or = something=20 with a striking blow comes from Old English punian, related to = Dutch=20 puin, break down into rubble.
The pound the streets, =
to walk=20
with heavy footsteps, or to pound at a keyboard, is a 20th century =
colloquial=20
use.
press
Verb. To=20
push something against or into something else. From 14th century Latin =
and=20
French words. Figuratively, it is also used to denote persuading someone =
forcefully to do something.
Noun. A single term to denote newspaper =
editors,=20
writers and photographers, the press. This comes from the name of the =
machine=20
first used in the early 1500s, the printing press.
pride Group nouns can =
be=20
picturesque
The quality of being proud. The =
word=20
comes from Old English words pr=FCd and pryde.
A group =
of lions=20
is called a pride of lions. This is probably from the idea that lions =
are=20
proud-looking animals. Group nouns for animals and birds are often =
picturesque,=20
e.g., a murder of crows, an exaltation of larks, an army of=20
caterpillars.
punt
A shallow, =
flat-bottomed boat.=20
The word has been in English for over 1,000 years.
In the game of =
football,=20
to punt the ball is a way of kicking it. This use has been in English =
for only=20
about 150 years.
To punt can also mean to place a bet on something.=20
pupil A surprise =
here!
A student. Thus form of the word came from Old French =
pupille over=20
600 years ago.
The pupil in your eye is the lens in the centre of the =
coloured part which is called the iris. This form of the word comes from =
Latin=20
pupilla, which means little doll. It was given that name because =
you can=20
see a tiny reflection of yourself, like a little doll, when you look =
directly at=20
the pupil in someone else's eye.
quack
Noun. An imposter, =
a=20
charlatan, and fake doctor. It came into English in the 1600s.
Verb. =
When a=20
duck makes its characteristic noise, it quacks. This verb has been used =
in=20
English for about 700 years. It has been used as a noun, too, since the=20
mid-1800s.
quail
Noun. A type of game =
bird,=20
sometimes prepared for eating. The word came from Old French =
quaille in=20
the 1300s.
Verb. To quail is to lose courage, to draw back because of =
fear.=20
This form of the word came from Middle Dutch quelen in the=20
1400s.
quarry
A large hole in =
the ground=20
for the purposes of excavation of sand, stone, or slate. This form of =
the word=20
came into English in the 14th century from Old French =
quarriere.
An=20
animal hunted and caught for food. It has been in English since before =
1300, as=20
the word quirre, which meant entrails. After a hunt, the entrails =
of=20
animals which had been caught were given to the hunting dogs as=20
food.
race Group of = people or run=20 in competition?
The first meaning comes = from 16th=20 century French from Italian razza. Its history before that is=20 uncertain.
The running type of =
race comes=20
from Old English r=E6san, rush, hasten, related to 13th century =
Old Norse=20
ras, running. In Middle English, r=E6s meant race, rush or =
course.
ram
Noun. A male=20
sheep. From Old English ramm.
The meaning of pile-driver, =
battering=20
ram, a device for driving something in by impact, comes from the same=20
origins.
range Many meanings, same origin
A=20
series of things in a line or row.
The limit within which there can =
be=20
difference, or within which something operates or has control.
A row =
or line=20
of mountains.
A large area of land. Grassy land on which livestock =
can graze.=20
A shooting range for rifle practice.
A cooking stove with a flat top =
and an=20
oven, heated by coal or wood fire.
All the above come from the same =
origin in=20
a 14th century Old French word.
rank Offensively smelly or =
position in=20
army?
This is an interesting = example of=20 how words change in meaning. In Old English ranc meant straight, = leading=20 to erect, proud, haughty. In Middle English denoted strong, brave, = proud. In its=20 original meaning, it could imply growing vigorously, as in plants, to = the point=20 where it was too prolific. This took on the negative meaning of being = =91too=20 much=92. This seems to have led to the meaning of festering. By the 16th = century,=20 rank implied having an offensive smell.
Middle English also = acquired=20 rancle, a festering sore, from which we get rankle. This came = from Old=20 French rancler.
In the 17th century, = the word=20 rancid also came into English, from Latin rancidus, meaning rank, = disgusting.
Meanwhile, the word =
rank as a=20
position within an organisation came into English in the 16th century =
from Old=20
French ranc, row, rank, related to Old High German hring,=20
circle. In modern French, rang means row, line, rank, and =
in=20
modern German Rang means rank, station, position. =
rear
Noun. The=20
back part of something, as opposed to its front. From 14th century Old =
French=20
words related to Latin retro- meaning back.
Verb. To raise, to =
rise=20
up, e.g., when you rear children you bring them up in a family; when a =
horse=20
rears it stands on its hind legs. From Old English r=E6ren, to=20
raise.
reel
Noun. A roll of =
something. A=20
winder such as the spool on a fishing rod. From Old English =
hreol, a reel=20
for winding thread.
Noun. A type of dance with circular steps and =
movements.=20
16th century, probably from the above.
Verb. To walk awkwardly, out =
of=20
control, in a drunken manner. Related to the above.
refuse
Noun. Pronounced REF-use. Food waste, general rubbish, =
useless stuff.=20
Adapted from Old French refus in the 14th century.
Verb. =
Pronounced=20
ref-USE. To say no, to decline an offer, to reject. From Old French verb =
refuser, probably in the 13th century
rest
Noun. Something left over, as in "We put the rest of the =
food back=20
into the fridge". From 15th century Old French, reste, residue,=20
remnant.
Noun and verb: Relax, stop moving, take time to recover, as =
in "You=20
must rest after your exercise", "I have a rest after my exercise". From =
Old=20
English, 1,200 years ago.
rock Lump of stone or sway back =
and=20
forth?
In its first meaning, = the word=20 came in the 14th century as roche from Old French roche, roke, = rocque.=20 Roche which has the same meaning in modern French, and Italian = rocca.=20 For the earlier history, some dictionaries say =91origin unknown=92, but = it might be=20 related to an Old English suffix -roc.
Hard sticks of = peppermint=20 flavoured confectionery, popular in English seaside resorts, were given = the name=20 rock in the middle of the 18th century.
To rock meaning to sway =
from side=20
to side comes from Old English roccian, related to Old High =
German=20
rucchen or rocken. The early words related to move or =
push, and=20
the first use of the word seems to relate to rocking a =
cradle. =20
rook
A large black=20
European bird like a crow. From 11th or 12th century Old English=20
hroc.
One of the pieces in a chess game, also called a castle. =
Adapted=20
from 13th century Old French roc, originally from Persian=20
rukh.
row A line of people, to propel = a boat, or a=20 noisy argument?
In Old English, raw, = r=E6w,=20 and in Middle English rawe, rowe, meant line, series, row. They = are=20 related to Old High German riga, line, and words in other = European=20 languages. Modern German Reihe means row, rank, line.
Old English = rowan meant to=20 row a boat. In Middle English, it became rowen. Related to Middle = High=20 German r=FCejen, it became rudern in modern German.
Row as a noisy quarrel =
came into=20
use in the 18th century. Most dictionaries indicate =91uncertain =
origin=92 but one=20
or two relate it to the word rouse, in the sense of a drunken=20
uproar.
scrap
Noun. A=20
small piece or fragment of something that has broken off or been torn =
off. In=20
about the 14th century, a scrappe denoted a scrap of food. In the =
16th=20
century, it came to mean a small piece of anything.
Verb. Finish with =
something, throw something out.
Verb and noun. Slang for fight or =
quarrel,=20
from the mid-1850s. It was probably adapted from "scrape".
seal
Noun. One of many =
types of=20
fur-coated sea mammal. From Old English seol.
Verb. To close =
something=20
so that it cannot easily be opened. Related to the next =
meaning:
Noun. A=20
design pressed or stamped into a piece of wax to close or authenticate a =
document. From 13th century Old French seel.
season Time =
of year or add=20
flavour to food?
Middle English = sesoun from=20 13th century seson from Latin serere, to sow relate to=20 seseli, plant. The seasons of the year were related to seedtime = and=20 harvest, sowing and reaping. To season, as in adding herbs to food, = comes from a=20 directly related source: 16th century French saisonner.
Modern French for = season, as a=20 time of the year, is saison, for to season food is=20 assaisonner.
There has been very =
little change=20
in these two related words in their short life in English. =
shell Husk of a nut or = destructive=20 projectile?
Old =
English=20
scell, sciell related to Middle Low German schelle, pod, =
shell. In=20
Middle English, schelle could mean shell, drinking vessel or =
anything=20
hollow. In the 17th century, the same meaning was adapted for a metal or =
board=20
container for chemicals making up a firework or other explosive. About =
the same=20
time, it came to be used for the actual explosive device, a bomb fired =
from a=20
cannon or large gun.
shed
Noun. A simple=20
or roughly built outhouse for storage or for keeping animals. From 16th =
century=20
Middle English, perhaps related to the word "shade".
Verb. Get rid =
off, cast=20
off, throw off, let fall. From Old English sceadan, to separate,=20
divide.
sole Part of the foot, a fish, or =
only?
Sole as part of the = foot came=20 into English in Old English or Middle English period, depending on which = dictionary you consult, via an Old French word from Latin solea, = a sandal=20 or shoe, which is related to solum, ground, floor, bottom.
The fish was given the = same name=20 in Middle English, i.e., later, because of its shape.
Sole meaning the only =
one was=20
adapted in the 14th century from Old French soule, from Latin=20
solus, alone. During the 15th century, it could also mean =
unmarried or=20
celibate.
sound Noise, sea channel or = free from=20 damage?
Relating to noise, the = word came=20 from 13th century Old French soner, to make a sound, which comes = from=20 Latin sonus, a sound. Middle English son meant sound.
Middle English = sund=20 referred to the sound of the sea and also meant strait. It comes from = Old=20 English sund, meaning the sea, a channel or water, and also = swimming.=20 From this, we get the use of sound as a channel between the mainland and = an=20 island.
Sound in the sense of =
free of=20
fault of damage comes from Old Saxon gisund and Old English=20
gesund, safe and sound, unharmed, also favourable. In Middle =
English,=20
gesund meant sound and healthy.
spell
Noun. A=20
short or indeterminate (=3D not fixed) period of time, work, or rest. =
Adapted from=20
Old English spelian, to represent, to take the place of.
Noun. =
A group=20
of words that is supposed to have magical powers. Origin perhaps related =
to the=20
next usage:
Verb. Say or write the letters of a word in the correct =
order.=20
From Old English spellian, to relate.
spring All =
from the=20
same origin
Noun. A natural flow of water =
from=20
beneath the ground. A source of supply.
Noun. The season of the year =
between=20
winter and summer. It is the season when flowers and blossoms spring=20
forth.
Noun. A coil of wire which bounces back to its original shape =
when it=20
is stretched or pressed and then released.
Verb. Leap or pounce. =
All uses=20
have developed from the same Old English verb, springan, to jump, =
leap,=20
spring.
squash
Noun. An edible =
fruit of the=20
gourd family which is served as a vegetable. The name first appeared in =
print in=20
English in 1643.
Noun. A ball game played by two players with =
racquets. From=20
19th century English.
Noun. A type of drink made with fruit juice and =
water.=20
From 19th century English.
Verb. Compress, crush. squeeze tight. From =
14th=20
century Old French esquasser, to crush.
staff Employees or walking=20 stick?
Old English = st=E6f meant=20 staff and also letter. Stafas meant letters, writing, literature. = In its=20 early usage st=E6f could mean literally a wooden staff to help a = walker,=20 and figuratively a source of support. In the second meaning, it could = denote the=20 military personnel who supported a commanding officer. In the 19th = century it=20 was applied to salaried employees of non-military organisations such as = schools.=20 The two different meanings thus arise from literal and figurative use of = the=20 same word.
The meaning of =
st=E6f as a=20
letter, or even a verse in Middle English, and st=E6fcr=E6ft =
meaning grammar,=20
have almost died out. The only remaining use is in a stave, from the =
plural=20
stafas, in music, which comes from the plural of =
staff.
stalk Part of a plant or to = follow=20 somebody?
Stalk, for a plant, = comes from=20 Old English stalu, an upright piece of wood, which became = stale, stalk=20 of a plant, rung of a ladder, in Middle English with the diminutive = form=20 stalke, stalk or reed.
Bestealcian in Old = English=20 meant to walk stealthily, probably related to bestalan, to depart = stealthily. Stalcung was stalking. Middle English stalkin, = from=20 Danish stalke, was to go softly.
stall A market booth or an = engine=20 stopping?
Old English = steall was a=20 place for standing, a position or a state of affairs. In Middle = English, stal=20 meant a place or station. Both modern English meanings come from the = same=20 origins. A market stall is a place for standing =97 to stall a car is to = bring it=20 to standing position.
staple
Noun and=20
verb. A type of paper fastener. To staple papers together. It developed =
from an=20
Old English word, stapol, a post, stake, and stapel-post, fencing =
stake.
Adjective. The most important, as in "Rice is their staple =
diet". Also=20
used as a noun. From 14th century Old French, estaple,=20
market.
state A province, a condition or to say=20
clearly?
13th century =
stat from Old=20
French estat, meaning estate, state, from Latin status, =
posture,=20
attitude, position. The same meaning was related to the condition and=20
circumstances of an individual and to organisation of a nation. In the =
16th and=20
17th centuries, the meaning developed of setting out conditions, of =
expressing=20
clearly.
stem Plant stalk or to stop a=20 flow?
Old English stefn, = stemn=20 meant the stem of a tree or ship, a trunk, or a root. Related to Old = Norse=20 stafn, the stem, the upright timber structure at the bow, of a = ship. Also=20 Old High German stam, from which comes modern German = Stamm, stalk.=20
15th century =
stemmen meant=20
to stop. It is related to Old Norse stamr, blocked, and Old High =
German=20
stemmen, to prop. Modern German Stemmen can mean to =
dam up,=20
to stem the flow, and also to prop, to stand firm against. =
stick Piece of wood or to = adhere to=20 something?
Our thin piece of wood = gets its=20 name from Old English sticca, stick, peg or spoon, and Middle = English=20 sticke, stick or fragment. Related to Old High German = stecca.=20 Modern German St=FCck means piece, bit, fragment and Stock = is stick,=20 staff, rod.
To stick in the sense =
of to=20
remain fixed or attached comes from Old English stician, to =
pierce. This=20
became stikien in Middle English, meaning stick, stab, or prick. =
The=20
original idea of making something stick was by pushing its pointed end =
into=20
something. The meaning of using pins or an adhesive substance, to make =
another=20
object stick firmly, came a little later.
stunt
Noun. A=20
difficult, unusual or dangerous feat or performance. First used in =
American=20
English in the late 1800s but the etymology (origin and history of the =
word) is=20
unknown.
Verb. Check or delay the growth of something. Probably from =
16th=20
century Scandinavian origins.
tap A water valve or a light=20 knock?
T=E6ppa in Old = English came=20 from Old Norse tappi, meaning a stopper to plug a hole in a = barrel or=20 cask. It is related to Old High German zapfo, zapho. In Middle = English,=20 it became tappe, which was also the Middle English version of Old = English=20 t=E6epe, tape. A tappestere was a tapster, a bar-maid. = Tappen=20 meant to draw water. 13th century tappen was also added to = English from=20 the Old Middle German word for to tap, to beat. You can see that similar = or=20 identical words with different meanings have a long history!
In modern German, =
Zapfen=20
is a plug, Zapfhahn a tap.
tender
There are=20
several uses of this word. Here are just a few of them.
Noun. The =
carrier at=20
the rear of a steam locomotive where coal is stored. Not a common usage=20
nowadays.
Verb. To offer or present in hope of acceptance. =
Adjective.=20
Soft, not tough, affectionate. "Tender skin." "Tender hearted."
tense
Noun. A form of a =
verb which=20
indicates the time of action. Past tense, Present tense. Future tense. =
Used in=20
English since the 1300s.
Adjective. Nervy, uneasy, not relaxed. =
Borrowed from=20
Latin tensus, stretched, in the late 1600s.
tick A nasty =
parasite or the=20
noise of a clock?
The insect gets its =
name from Old=20
English ticca, ticia, which became tike in Middle English. =
Tick as=20
a metallic clicking noise came into English in the 13th century from Low =
German=20
tikk, meaning a light touch. It was not used for the noise such =
as that=20
made by a clock until late in the 17th century. In the 19th century, as =
a quick=20
touch of the pen, it came to denote a tick on paper. =
tide The movement of the sea or = a time of=20 year?
Old English tid = meant=20 time, hour or time, in the sense of a season, such as in Christmastide. = It came=20 to be used in about the 15th century for the daily tides of the sea, = which was=20 related to time by the movement of the moon.
Our word tidy = comes from=20 the same source. In Middle English, tidi meant seasonable,=20 honest.
till To cultivate or a drawer = for=20 money?
In Old English, = tilian=20 meant to try, to attempt, and also to gain one's living. The underlying = meaning=20 was =91endeavour=92. Tilling the soil was, of course, a major way of = making one's=20 living.
As a drawer for cash, =
the use of=20
the word started in the 15th century but its ultimate source is =
uncertain. In=20
Middle English, tillen meant to reach, extend or draw, from Old =
English=20
fortylan, to draw out.
tip A point or to push=20 over?
As a point or apex, = typpa=20 came into English in the 15th century from Old Norse typpa, = according to=20 one major dictionary. However, A Middle-English Dictionary states = that it=20 is related to Middle High German zipf, tip, extremity, from which = modern=20 German for tip is Zipfel. Barnhart's Dictionary of = Etymology=20 traces it back to the 12th century, related to various historical German = and=20 Dutch terms, including zipf.
The use of tip meaning = to topple=20 or fall over is from the 14th century, with uncertain origins. The = Middle=20 English dictionary links tippen, to overthrow, with Swedish = tippa,=20 overthrow.
A tip as a payment for =
services=20
is from early in the 18th century, perhaps from tap, a light blow. In=20
underground slang, to tip was to give or to lend. A light blow might =
have=20
encouraged an unwilling giver to succumb.
Old English toll = or=20 toln meant a tax, tollere a tax-collector. Middle English=20 tollen was to pay or to take a toll. They come ultimately from = Greek=20 telos, tax.
Toll in the sense of =
the pealing=20
of a bell came in the 15th century, probably from Middle English =
tollen,=20
to draw, entice, as the bell was used to draw people to church. In this =
way, it=20
might be related to fortylan, to draw out (see Till). =
top The highest point or a = spinning=20 toy?
As the highest point, = the word=20 comes straight from Old English top, topp. It is related to Old = High=20 German zopf, meaning top, head or tuft of hair. Now, in modern = German,=20 Zopf means a plait of hair.
As a wooden toy, the =
same word=20
has its origin in Old English. Dictionaries report that its origins and =
related=20
words are uncertain. One dictionary links it with Middle High German=20
topf, which may or may not be related to modern German =
Topf, pot=20
or jar, on account of its shape. Another links it with tip, as the top, =
or=20
point, is the point on which it spins.
trip
Noun. A=20
journey, a tour.
Verb. To stumble, to miss a step and fall. Also =
used a=20
noun.
As folding or tucking = cloth, the=20 word originated in Old English tucian, which meant, rather = surprisingly,=20 to torment, to chastise. However, it is linked to tucken in other = European languages, in the sense of to tug, to pull sharply. These = meanings of=20 physical manipulation seem to have given rise to it as a way of handling = a piece=20 of material or a sheet when we are tucking it in, pushing and pulling = almost as=20 punishment.
Tuck as food has a more = difficult=20 history to trace. Partridge's Dictionary of Historical Slang = offers a=20 possible origin, in the 18th century schoolboy and slang use of =91tuck = up=92 and=20 19th century =91tuck in=92 as to over-eat, to push too much food into = one's mouth.=20 Morriss's Dictionary of Australian Words, first published = in 1898=20 as Austral English, confirms the schoolboy slang of tuck for = food,=20 especially pastry, in relation to the Australian slang tucker, food.
Friar Tuck, the famous =
friend of=20
Robin Hood, had no particular liking for food. According to one source, =
his name=20
was actually Tooke. But there is a more likely story in Folklore, =
Myths and=20
Legends of Britain. A renowned friar in Yorkshire is said to have =
challenged=20
Robin Hood to a sword fight. Robin won the fight but invited the friar =
to join=20
his band, naming him Friar Tuck. This could arise from the fact that a =
tuck in=20
olden times was a rapier, a type of slender sword.
verb: to speak. This might have = come into=20 English in about the 14th century from Dutch and German words meaning to = make=20 known, to show.
adjective: total, complete. = Originally from=20 Old English utera, meaning "outer", it seems to have taken on the = meaning=20 of total, complete, in about the 15th century.
noun: a book or one of a series = of books.=20
noun: the amount of space = occupied by=20 something.
noun: the loudness of a = sound.
All of the above uses developed = from an Old=20 French word borrowed in about the 14th century, It originally came from = Latin=20 volumen, a roll, a book, from the verb volvere meaning "to = roll=20 up".
wakeverb: to rouse from being asleep. = From Old=20 English waclan.
noun: the pattern of water = spreading behind a=20 moving boat or ship. Probably came into English in the 16th century, = related to=20 Old Norse vak, implying a hole.
adverb: satisfactorily, in a good = way. From=20 Old English wel.
adjective: in good health. The = same as=20 above.
noun: a hole dug in the ground = for water,=20 oil, etc. From Old English wella related to Germanic words = meaning=20 "wave".
wind A current of air or to = turn round and=20 round?
Old English had = wind and=20 also windig for windy. It also had windan for to win, to = twist and=20 in words related to rolling and flying. Old High German does not help us = very=20 much, with equally similar wint.
The first meaning comes = from the=20 Latin ventus, wind (as in current of air). The second, in its = original=20 meaning, implied to move quickly and, later, to haul up.
Middle English had =
wind,=20
for the current of air, wind-milne, windmill, wind-oge, =
window=20
(literally meaning wind-eye). There was also winden, wind, turn, =
twist,=20
windi, windy, and windwen, winnow.
noun: an injury such as a cut = caused by=20 violence. From Old English wund.
verb: the past tense of the verb = "wind" which=20 came from Old English windan which is related to other Germanic = words.=20 The other use of "wind" meaning a current of air came from Old English=20 wind which is related to Latin = ventus.
yard A measurement or a back=20 garden?
The measurement = developed from=20 Old English gerd, gierd, a rod or a twig, from Old Saxon = gerdia,=20 switch (a flexible twig). This was applied to gerde, a stick=20 approximately three feet long, used for measurement. Chaucer uses = yerde=20 to denote a spear.
Old English =
geard was a=20
yard, piece of land, garden or dwelling place. It is related to Old High =
German=20
gart, which is reflected in garth, a yard, now seen only in the =
almost=20
obsolete bishopsgarth, bishop's dwelling place.
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