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Railways

INTRODUCTION Brief history of railways Future of railways Characteristics of railways Advantages of railways Trends in modern railways Trains of tomorrow

Q: What type of energy does a railway engine utilize? Q: What are the types of railway engines? Q: How do you calculate the horsepower of a railway engine? Q: How do you manufacture a railway engine? Q: How do you manufacture a railway car? Q: How do you calculate the required dimensions, and strength of rails?

RAILWAY SURVEYS Reasons for laying a new railway line Strategic consideration Linking of trade centres Connecting port with the interior of the region Shortening existing route Laying of a branch line Undeveloped area Factors influencing the proposed route Railway surveys Reconnaissance survey Objects of reconnaissance survey Importance of reconnaissance survey Information gathered in reconnaissance survey Factors to be kept in view during reconnaissance survey Instruments for reconnaissance survey Preliminery survey Object of priliminery survey Importance of preliminery survey Work of priliminery survey Instruments for priliminery survey Location survey Object of location survey Importance of location survey Work of location survey Instruments for location survey Project report and drawings Construction of new lines Questions

TRAIN RESISTANCES AND ROLLING STOCK Train resistances Resistance due to friction and wave action Resistance due to curves Resistance due to gradients Resistance due to speed of the train Rollingstock Locomotives Essential parts of a locomotive Design of locomotive Classification Power of locomotive Coaches Earlier coaches Moderncoaches Double decker coaches Wagons Timber truck wagon Cattle wagon Oil tank wagon Petrol tank wagon Hopper wagon Powder wagon Well wagon Refrigerated wagon Special wagons Train-brakes Compressed air brakes Vacuum brakes Dynamometer car Questions

RAIL GAUGES Definition of gauge of track Gauges in different regions Traffic condition Development of poor areas Cost of track Speed of movement Nature of region Uniformity in gauges Difficulties to passengers Difficulties for sending goods Inefficient use of rolling stock Difficulty in war Equipment at station Hindrance for future conversion Unigauge project of Indian railways Loading gauge and construction gauge Questions

RAILS Permanent way and its requirements Functions of rails Requirements of an ideal rail Types of rails Double headed rails Bull headed rails Flat footed rails Steel for rails Weight and section of rails Marking on rails Corrugated or roaring rails Meaning Causes Occurrence Effects Types Peculiar properties Remedy Corrosion of rails Length of rail Welding of rails Purposes Advantages of welding of rails Methods of welding Wear of rails Wear of rails on top or head of rail Wear of rails at ends of rails Wear of rail on the sides of the head of rail Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails ) Use of special alloy steel Good maintenance of track Reduction of expansion gap Exchange of inner and outer rails on curves Introducing check rails Use of lubricating oil Head hardened rails Measuring wear of rails Renewal of rails Wear of rails Use of heavier locomotives Construction of branch lines Bending of rails Failure of rails Crushed head Transverse fissure Split head Horizontal fissure Square or angular brakes Coning of wheels Hogged rails Buckling Questions

RAIL FASTENINGS Rail joints Avoidance of rail joints Types of rail joints Types according to position of joints Types according to position of sleepers Requirements of an ideal fastening Fastenings for rails Fish-plates Purpose Design Detailes Compound or junction fish-plates Failure of fish-plates Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts Spikes Purpose of spikes Requirements of good spike Types of spike Fang-bolts Hook-bolts Chairs and keys Bearing-plates Questions

SLEEPERS Functions of sleepers Types of sleepers Longitudinal sleepers Transverse sleepers Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper Materials for cross-sleepers Timber or wooden sleepers Steel sleepers Cast-iron sleepers Concrete sleepers Sleeperdensity Questions

BALLAST Functions of ballast Requirements of an ideal material for ballast Materials used as ballast Broken stone Gravel Ashes of cinders Sand Kankar Moorum Brickbats Selected earth Size and quantity of ballast Screening of ballast Questions

PLATE-LAYING Meaning of the term Methods of plate-laying Tram line or side method Telescopic method American method Materials required per unit length of track Ballast trains Relaying of track Questions

MAINTENANCE General Necessity for maintenance of track Maintenance of track proper Duties of a gangmate or a ganger Duties of a keyman Duties of a permanent way inspector Blowing joints High joints Pumping joints Maintenance of railway bridges Maintenance of rolling stock Accidents Signalling during maintenance Estimating speed of a running train Counting the rail joints passed Counting the telegraph posts Speed restriction Tools required during maintenance Packing Rail inspection Track inspection Maintenance and boxing of ballast Track imprest Trackwork for high speeds Speeds on the Indian railways Emergency measures Diversions Ash or selected earth Temporary supports Scouring Wagons with rubble Breadown vans Questions

CREEP Definition Causes of creep Brakes Wave action Percussion theory Changes in temperature Factors determining magnitude of creep Alignment of track Gradient of track Direction of motion of trains Embankments Weight and type of rail Results of creep Method of measuring the creep Methods of correcting the creep Pulling back of rails method Use of creep anchors Use of steel sleepers Questions

CURYATURE OF TRACK Objections to curvature of track Designation of a curve Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature Transition curves Requirements of transition curve Forms of transition curve Length of transition curve Shift Super-elevation or cant Factors affecting super-elevation Frictional resistance Coning of wheels Body of the vehicle Weighted average Speed of trains on curves Deficiency in super-elevation Grade compensation on curves Bending of rails on curves Cutting of rails on curves Widening gauge on curves Spirals Switch-backs Rack railways String-Iining of curves Questions

STATIONS AND YARDS General Definition of a station Purposes of a railway station Selection of site for a railway station Features of a railway station Public requirements Traffic requirements Requirement of locomotive department General requirements Types of stations Wayside stations Junctions Terminals Platforms Passenger platforms Goods platforms Staff quarters Goods traffic at wayside stations Catch sidings Definition of a yard Types of yards Passenger yards Goods yards Marshalling yards Locomotive yards Level-crossing Process of classification of level-crossings Questions

STATION MACHINERY Meaning of the term Engine sheds Rectangular type engine shade Circular type engine shade Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits Drop pits Water columns Triangles Turntables Traversers Cranes Weigh-bridges Scotch blocks Bufferstops Derailing switch or trap switch Sand hump on snag dead-end Cow catcher Questions

POINTS AND CROSSINGS Purpose for providing points and crossings Some definitions Sleepers laid for points and crossings Through sleepers Interlaced sleepers Steel for points and crossings Switches Stub switch Split switch Shapes of switches Undercut switches Straight cut switches Over-riding switches or composite switches Lengths of stock rails and tongue rails Heel divergence or heel clearance Switch angle Throw of switch Crossings Types of crossings Ordinary or acute crossing Double or obtuse crossing Theoretical nose of crossing and actual nose of crossing Crossing clearance Crossing number Crossing angle Right angle or cole's method Centre-line method Isosceles triangle method Different types of leads and their calculations Laying of points and crossings Maintenance of points and crossings Questions

COMBINATIONS OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS General Cross-overs Scissors cross-over Slips Fixed point Three throws Tandems or double turnouts Gathering lines or ladder tracks Gauntlet tracks Double junctions Questions

SIGNALLING General Objects of signalling Types of signals Classification according to function Stock signals or semaphore type signals Warner signals Disc or ground signals Coloured light signals Classification according to location Outer signal Home signal Starter signal Advance starter signal Special signals Routing signals Repeating signals Co-acting signals Calling-on signals Indicators Miscelleneous signals Typical layouts Control of movements of trains Following trains system Absolute block system Automatic signalling Pilot guard system Centralized traffic control system Telecommunication Compensators Fouling marks Track capacity Electrification on the Indian railways Questions

INTERLOCKING Definition Essential principles of interlocking Methods of interlocking Tappets and locks system Key system Route relay system Slotting of signals Meaning of the term Principles Purposes Methods Detectors Point lock and treadle or lock bar Interlocking of level-crossings Interlocking standards Improvements in interlocking and signalling Questions

RAILWAY TRACTION Tractive effort of a locomotive Track stresses Elastic theory Procedure for determining track stresses Questions

EARTHWORK AND DRAINAGE General Usual forms of cross-sections Features of railroad bed level Width of formation Slopes of sides Drains Method of construction Drainage Action of water Importance of drainage Requirments of drainage system Stabilization of track on poor soil Layer or blanket of moorum or sand Cement grouting Sand piles Use of chemicals By providing capillary break or cut-off Questions

TUNNELLING General Definition of a tunnel Tunnelling through rock Full face method Heading and bench system Cantilever car dump method Drift system Pilot tunnel method Tunnelling through soft ground Forepolliing method Needle beam method Five-peice set method Liner plates method Other methods Methods of tunnelling through sub-acqueous strata Shield tunnelling Plenum process or compressed air tunnelling Drainage of tunnels Sumps and pumps Grounting Pilot tunnel Ventilation of tunnels Lighting Shafts Drilling Raising Gloryholing Mucking Hauling Lining of tunnels Size and shape of tunnels Underground railways Calcutta Metro Tube railways Maintenance of railway tunnels Questions

MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Meaning of the term Necessity in railways Stores Purchasing department Store keeping Stock control ABC analysis VED analysis Spare parts management Classification Codiffication Initial provisioning Selective control Questions

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