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English
Adjuncts

Noun Phrases functioning as Adjuncts
Adverb Phrases functioning as Adjuncts
Prepositional Phrases functioning as Adjuncts
Clauses functioning as Adjuncts

Certain parts of a sentence may convey information about how, when, or where something happened:
He ate his meal quickly (how)
David gave blood last week (when)
Susan went to school in New York (where)

The highlighted constituents here are ADJUNCTS. From a syntactic point of view, Adjuncts are optional elements, since their omission still leaves a complete sentence:
He ate his meal quickly ~He ate his meal
David gave blood last week ~David gave blood
Susan went to school in New York ~Susan went to school
Many types of constituents can function as Adjuncts, and we exemplify these below.

Sentence Patterns from a Functional Perspective

In order to summarise what we have learned, we will now look at some typical sentence patterns from a functional perspective. We will then conclude this section by looking at some untypical patterns, on the next page. As we've seen, the Subject is usually (but not always) the first element in a sentence, and it is followed by the verb: Pattern 1
Subject Verb
David sings
The dog barked
Susan yawned
In this pattern, the verb is not followed by any Object, and we refer to this as an intransitive verb. If the verb is monotransitive, it takes a Direct Object, which follows the verb: Pattern 2
Subject Verb Direct Object
David sings ballads
The professor wants to retire
The jury found the defendant guilty
In the ditransitive pattern, the verb is followed by an Indirect Object and a Direct Object, in that order: Pattern 3
Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object
The old man gave the children some __________
My uncle sent me a present
The detectives asked Amy lots of questions
Adjuncts are syntactically peripheral to the rest of the sentence. They may occur at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, and they may occur in all three of the patterns above: Pattern 4
-(Adjunct) Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object (Adjunct)
[1] Usually David sings-- in the bath
[2] Unfortunately the professor wants - to retire this year
[3] At the start of the trial the judge showed the jury the (Internet) in a private chamber
Pattern 4 is essentially a conflation of the other three, with Adjuncts added. We have bracketed the Adjuncts to show that they are optional. Strictly speaking, Objects are also optional, since they are only required by monotransitive and ditransitive verbs, as in the examples [2] and [3] above.

Match the sentences to the patterns:
1. The wall collapsed

A. Subject -- Verb
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)

Answer
A. Subject -- Verb

2. During the war, many people lost their __________
A. Subject -- Verb
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)

Answer
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object

3. I promised the children a trip to the zoo
A. Subject -- Verb
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)

Answer
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object

4. When he was 52, David moved to __________
A. Subject -- Verb
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)

Answer:
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object

5. Paul _____ a bicycle
A. Subject -- Verb
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object
D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object
E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct)
B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object

Pattern A
Pattern D
Pattern C
Pattern E
Pattern B