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English

Adjuncts Noun Phrases functioning as Adjuncts Adverb Phrases functioning as Adjuncts Prepositional Phrases functioning as Adjuncts Clauses functioning as Adjuncts Certain parts of a sentence may convey information about how, when, or where something happened: He ate his meal quickly (how) David gave blood last week (when) Susan went to school in New York (where) The highlighted constituents here are ADJUNCTS. From a syntactic point of view, Adjuncts are optional elements, since their omission still leaves a complete sentence: He ate his meal quickly ~He ate his meal David gave blood last week ~David gave blood Susan went to school in New York ~Susan went to school Many types of constituents can function as Adjuncts, and we exemplify these below. Sentence Patterns from a Functional Perspective In order to summarise what we have learned, we will now look at some typical sentence patterns from a functional perspective. We will then conclude this section by looking at some untypical patterns, on the next page. As we've seen, the Subject is usually (but not always) the first element in a sentence, and it is followed by the verb: Pattern 1 Subject Verb David sings The dog barked Susan yawned In this pattern, the verb is not followed by any Object, and we refer to this as an intransitive verb. If the verb is monotransitive, it takes a Direct Object, which follows the verb: Pattern 2 Subject Verb Direct Object David sings ballads The professor wants to retire The jury found the defendant guilty In the ditransitive pattern, the verb is followed by an Indirect Object and a Direct Object, in that order: Pattern 3 Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object The old man gave the children some __________ My uncle sent me a present The detectives asked Amy lots of questions Adjuncts are syntactically peripheral to the rest of the sentence. They may occur at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, and they may occur in all three of the patterns above: Pattern 4 - (Adjunct) Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object (Adjunct) [1] Usually David sings - - in the bath [2] Unfortunately the professor wants - to retire this year [3] At the start of the trial the judge showed the jury the (Internet) in a private chamber Pattern 4 is essentially a conflation of the other three, with Adjuncts added. We have bracketed the Adjuncts to show that they are optional. Strictly speaking, Objects are also optional, since they are only required by monotransitive and ditransitive verbs, as in the examples [2] and [3] above. Match the sentences to the patterns: 1. The wall collapsed A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) Answer A. Subject -- Verb 2. During the war, many people lost their __________ A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) Answer D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object 3. I promised the children a trip to the zoo A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) Answer D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object 4. When he was 52, David moved to __________ A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) Answer: D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object 5. Paul _____ a bicycle A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object Pattern A Pattern D Pattern C Pattern E Pattern B