|
What is analytical chemistry? How is it important and relevant to you? Is analytical chemistry important? What is Spectroscopy? How does a spectrometer work? Why do we combine forensic and analytical chemistry? What sort of person becomes a Forensic Chemist? Where can I find polymer chemistry information? Where can I find analytical chemistry information? Where can I find environmental chemistry information? What qualities would you expect of the analytical scientists investigating and testing the samples taken from the crime scene? How is fluorometer different from regular spectrometer? Explain the types of atomic spectroscopy. Describe why double beam spectrometer would be used. Explain the proper methods for handling samples in spectroscopy. Describe the methods used to identify and quantify elements in atomic spectroscopy. Explain how an inductively coupled plasma torch works and why it is used. Describe the types of instrumentation used in infrared spectroscopy. What are the regions of IR spectroscopy and discuss their usefulness. Explain why samples are handled differently in IR spectroscopy? What is your work area? What is your expertise area? What is an expert? What does it mean to be an expert? Do experts see the world differently from novices? Do experts remember situations differently? How do you become an expert? Why does perception change? What kind of practice is needed? What is your area of expertise? What's your area and level of expertise? |
| Spectrometers |
| Hospital Biochemistry |
| Food Chemistry |
|
Analytical Chemistry is the subdivision of chemistry concerned with identification of materials (qualitative analysis) and with determination of the percentage composition of mixtures or the constituents of a pure compound (quantitative analysis). The gravimetric and volumetric (or "wet") methods (precipitation, titration and solvent extraction) are still used for routine work and new titration methods have been introduced e.g. cryoscopic, pressure-metric (for reactions the produce a gaseous product), redox methods, and use of a F-sensitive electrode etc. However, faster and more accurate techniques (collectively called instrumental) have been developed in the last few decades. Among these are infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray spectroscopy where the presence and amount of a metallic element is indicated by lines in it's emission or absorption spectrum... colorimetry by which the percentage of a substance in soluble is determined by the intensity of it's colour... chromatography of various types by which the components of a liquid or gaseous mixture are determined by passing it through a column of porous material or on thin layers of finely divided solids... separation of mixtures in ion exchange columns and radioactive tracer analysis. Optical and electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, microanalysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) spectroscopy all fall within the area of analytical chemistry. New and highly sophisticated techniques have been introduced in recent years, in many cases replacing traditional methods.
Gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), immunoassays, atomic absorption/atomic emission (AA/AE), inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP/AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), ultraviolet/visible spectrometry (UV/Vis), and electrophoresis. The importance of quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1950's - This was a pretty dull field. pH meters and single wavelength spectrophotometers, and electrochemical techniques. Lots of titrations, gravimetric analysis. Some important work done to lay the theoretical groundwork. Data was primarily one dimensional. Experiment ====> Number 1960's - Invention of Gas Chromatography and Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry make trace analysis possible and reasonably easy.Analysis of ppm and ppb levels of metals and organics in the environment begins. Text book triples in size. Scanning spectrophotometers become common. Thus data representations were now two dimensional. Experiment ===> Graph 1970's - Invention of liquid chromatography and the common use of mass spectrometry for analytical chemistry begins. GC and AA reach new limits of sensitivity allowing part per trillion trace analysis. We begin to find virtually everything almost everywhere. Surface analysis of thin layers becomes common. Analytical chemistry is brought to bear on problems of the environment, energy, and biological and physiological analysis. 1980's - Continued strides in trace analysis and in identification of trace components through interfaced (hyphenated) methods eg.GC-MS, LC-MS, GC-IR, etc. Computers appear to control instruments, manipulate data, and run experiments Robots appear to conduct complete analytical schemes Multidimensional data representations add new dimensions to data interpretation It becomes possible to detect single atoms of many substances. Three dimensional data presentations become important (MS-MS and 2D NMR). Experiment ===> 3D Graphic 1990�S - Detection limits continue to drop to the point that one can begin to discuss detection of single atoms and molecules. Sample preparation is also a major focus as old, time consuming methods of solvent extraction are replaced with fast, automated procedures. Multi-channel analysis becomes the major thrust (396 well plates, parallel analysis). F. 2000�s � ?? II. THE PROCESS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A. Define The Question - What information is needed? How accurately must the answer be known? What legal constraints apply to the methods? Why do we combine forensic and analytical chemistry? What sort of person becomes a Forensic Chemist? Where can I find polymer chemistry information? Where can I find analytical chemistry information? Where can I find environmental chemistry information? What qualities would you expect of the analytical scientists investigating and testing the samples taken from the crime scene? What is analytical chemistry? � A process of understanding complex natural phenomena through analysis: taking things apart to identify, separate, and measure (quantify) specific chemical substances (analytes). How is it important and relevant to you? � The techniques and tools of analytical chemistry play a vital role in many areas of science and �modern� life including biology, medicine, environmental science, forensics, toxicology, pharma etc. Goals of this course: Why are you here? This is an advanced analytical course aimed at providing students with a deeper understanding of the principles of chemical analysis using various instrumental methods based on optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and separation science. � By the end of the course students should be able to: 1. Define, describe, and apply selected instrumental methods to measure specific analytes. 2. Develop competent laboratory skills and work habits. 3. Appreciate the process and limitations (errors) involved in obtaining analytical results and relate its role in society. Who is who in Analytical Chemistry in Europe�? Is analytical chemistry important? What is Spectroscopy? How does a spectrometer work? How is fluorometer different from regular spectrometer? Explain the types of atomic spectroscopy. Describe why double beam spectrometer would be used. Explain the proper methods for handling samples in spectroscopy. Describe the methods used to identify and quantify elements in atomic spectroscopy. Explain how an inductively coupled plasma torch works and why it is used. Describe the types of instrumentation used in infrared spectroscopy. What are the regions of IR spectroscopy and discuss their usefulness. Explain why samples are handled differently in IR spectroscopy? Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR Spectroscopy Multiple Choice Questions Advanced Problems Infrared Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Multiple Choice Questions Advanced Problems Infrared Absorption Modes...animations of H2O, CO2 and the methylene group Mass Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy Questions UV Spectroscopy UV Spectroscopy Multiple Choice Questions Question 1: what is your work area? what is your expertise area? What is an expert? What does it mean to be an expert? Do experts see the world differently from novices? Do experts remember situations differently? How do you become an expert? What is an expert? � Recognizes the problem in a new situation � Able to diagnose new problems � Knows the answer to many problems � Has lots of prior experience � Need not start from scratch solving problems � Knows how to solve new problems � Set of skills for solving unseen problems � For ill-formed problems, finds operators that can apply to new problems. Expertise and perception � Experts may see the world differently Why does perception change? What kind of practice is needed? http://home.nas.net/~dbc/cic_hamilton/anal.html http://www.analyticalsciences.org/ http://www.physorg.com/chemistry-news/analytical-chemistry/ http://hplc.chem.shu.edu/ http://pubs.acs.org/loi/ancham http://elchem.kaist.ac.kr/vt/chem-ed/analytic/ac-meths.htm http://www.nist.gov/mml/analytical/ |