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What describes the situation? Answer What questions related to this issue need to be answered? What happened? Where is the profile of the person? What is the profile of the person? How do you manage this situation? What is abuse? What are the types and contexts of abuse? What is not abuse? Why should a person lie that she has been abused? What are examples of mosque abuse? What questions should be answered if anyone under duress, false pretext, or lies communicates that this individual is being abusive towards me? What should you know about abuse? What are symptoms and signs of abuse? What are the reasons if a person maintains 10–15 years of good character, is well behaved, and some reported unusual behavior is there? | |||
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What describes the situation? What are the types and contexts of abuse? The eight types of abuse are: Neglect or abandonment: When a person responsible for the care of another person does not provide the needed care or leaves them without care. This can be the neglect of a child, older person, disabled or ill person, or anyone in need of care. Discriminatory abuse: When one person treats another person differently based on race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, religion, disability, or other characteristics, causing harm in favoring others, creating disadvantages, harassment, victimization, or other actions. Psychological or emotional abuse: When one person purposely harms the mental wellbeing of another person in a non-physical way, sometimes referred to as nonphysical abuse. Physical abuse: When one person harms another person and causes injury to the body. Sexual abuse: Any form of sexual violence or exploitation. Financial or material abuse: The misuse or taking of money, assets, or belongings of another person for personal gain, sometimes by coercion, threats, or deception. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence: When a person physically harms their partner. Workplace violence or organizational/institutional abuse: Intimidation or physical force relating to employment and the employment environment. What conditions require emergency psychiatry consultation? https://www.qureshiuniversity.com/emergencypsychiatry.html Varieties of Administrative Abuse: Some Reflections on Ethics
What is abuse? Abuse is a form of mistreatment by one individual that causes harm to another person. What is not abuse? If a person lies, this situation is not abuse. Why should a person lie that she has been abused? Politically motivated criminal conspiracy. Statement under duress. Material gain. Personality disorder. Other reasons to lie. What are examples of mosque abuse? These examples will make you understand. In Chicago, the state of Illinois has arranged a mosque with housing for Muslims at Sheridan and Foster on request of a Muslim. In 2014, a Muslim required housing on an emergency basis. The resource asked for his phone number so that they will call and arrange housing. There was no reply. There was no reply intentionally. Is it justified? What questions should be answered if anyone under duress, false pretext, or lies communicates that this individual is being abusive towards me? A few individuals in a family banged a pressure cooker on each other’s heads; did he do anything like this? A neighbor reported hearing sound of utensils while they were shouting at each other; findings revealed that they were throwing utensils at each other due to anger. Did he do anything like this? A finding revealed a woman was asked to file a false report of male spouse Islamic law of Nikkah (Akad) being abusive due to politically motivated criminal conspiracy while she was not harmed by her spouse. Are you facing this type of situation? Yes. What should you know about abuse? Abuse can happen in various situations. A person may try to be your well-wisher and in the meantime commit abuse, for example pick a whimsical excuse to yell or quarrel, to start shouting without any reason. What are symptoms and signs of abuse? Common Signs and Symptoms of Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation Physical Signs of Abuse Bruises (old and new, clustered on one part of body, or on both upper arms) Burns Cuts or scars Marks left by a gag (or some form of restraint) Imprint injuries (eg., marks shaped like fingers, thumbs, hands, belts or sticks) Missing teeth Spotty balding (from pulled hair) Eye injuries (black eyes or detached retinas) Broken bones Sprains Abrasions or scrapes Vaginal or rectal pain Bleeding from the ears, nose or mouth Frequent urinary tract infections or yeast infections Painful urination Abrasions, bleeding, or bruising in the genital area Incontinence in someone who was previously toilet-trained Frequent sore throats Sudden onset of psychosomatic complaints (males most frequently complain of stomach aches while females most frequently report headaches) Sudden difficulty walking or sitting² Physical Signs of Neglect (in both the person and their home) Dehydration Poor or improper hygiene Poor grooming (e.g., overgrown fingernails and toenails; uncut, matted, or unclean hair; unshaven facial hair, body crevices caked with dirt) Malnourishment/weight loss A smell of urine or feces on the person Clutter, filth, or bad smell in the home Improper sleeping, cooking, or bathing arrangements Infestations (e.g., fleas, lice, roaches, rodents) Poor skin condition or skin breakdown (such as rashes, bedsores, or open wounds) Lack of necessary adaptive aids such as glasses, hearing aids, leg braces walkers etc. or improper medication management Needed medical and dental care (including the administration of prescribed drugs) not provided Lack of adequate or appropriate supervision³ Behavioral Signs CHANGES in the way affection is shown, especially if unusual or inappropriate Suddenly fears being touched Sudden onset of nightmares CHANGES in sleep patterns; difficulty sleeping Sudden regression to childlike behaviors (i.e., bed-wetting, thumb-sucking) Sudden unusual interest in or knowledge of sexual matters (including excessive masturbation) Cruelty to animals Sudden fear of bathing or toileting Sudden fear of a person or place Depression, withdrawal, or mood swings ANY UNEXPLAINED CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR Behaviors of Caregivers who may be Abusers As you interact with caregivers, you should always be on the lookout for certain behaviors that may be indicators that this person is an abuser. Caregiver behaviors to look for include: Refusal to follow directions or complete necessary personal tasks Displaying controlling attitudes and behaviors Showing up late or not at all Working under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs Abusing or harming pets or service animals Using threats or menacing looks/body language as a form of intimidation Impulsive Using vehicle, money or other resources without consent Socially isolating person with a disability (including limiting educational and/or employment opportunities) Devalues the person with developmental disabilities Frequently switches health care providers Speaks for the person with developmental disabilities Competes with the person with developmental disabilities Displays unwelcoming or uncooperative attitude during home visits Frequently makes attempts to be alone with a particular individual for no apparent legitimate purpose Profiles of Abusive Caregivers Caregivers who abuse, neglect, or exploit people with developmental disabilities are either UNABLE or UNWILLING to provide care to these individuals in an appropriate way. It is very important to understand what is going on with these types of caregivers because that will help us develop and implement prevention strategies (which we will talk about later on in this training). Caregivers who UNABLE to provide care appropriately may include individuals who are not properly trained or have the necessary experience to perform their caregiving duties. They may have mental retardation or mental illness themselves. Perhaps they are physically unable to provide care to a person with the developmental disability due to their own medical or health condition. Caregivers who are UNABLE to provide appropriate care may also be overly stressed or overly tired. They may also be working under the influence of drugs or alcohol which limits their abilities. Caregivers who are UNWILLING to provide care appropriately are more likely to know what they are doing is wrong yet continue to act in that way. Research shows that these individuals will abuse, neglect, or exploit individuals with developmental disabilities over and over again as long as they are given the opportunity to do so. Some of these caregivers may not view their victims as actual people (with feelings and emotions). In other cases, caregivers who are UNWILLING to provide appropriate care see people with developmental disabilities as the perfect victims who may not be able to defend themselves or tell anyone what has happened. Abusive caregivers may also have: Low self-esteem Need to control others Frustration with authority, which can lead to displaced aggression toward weaker persons History of being abused or neglected as a child Lack of attachment to the person with the developmental disability ( which can lead to thoughts by the abuser that the person with the developmental disability is not fully human and therefore doesn’t feel or hurt in response to their abusive actions) Types of Emotional Abuse and Neglect Emotional abuse is the most difficult form of abuse to identify. Even though emotional abuse often happens along with other forms of abuse, it can also occur by itself. Caregivers who have power and influence over others' lives can use that power to harm or exploit, rather than to support and nurture. This can be especially devastating for children in their developmental years, but it can be harmful for anyone. Emotional abuse can take the form of threats, insults harassment, and less noticeable forms that are difficult to detect. These can be perpetrated by individuals or by representatives of caregiving systems. Here are some of the most common types of emotional abuse and neglect: Exposure to domestic violence Insults and harassment Denial of conditions necessary for physical and emotional well-being Denial of communication Denial of right to family life Denial of social interaction and inclusion Denial of economic stability Denial of rights, necessities, privileges, and opportunities Denial of ordinary freedoms Physical Abuse in Caregiving Sometimes abuse of persons with developmental disabilities takes the form of acts that could be thought of as well-intentioned but unsuccessful attempts by the caregiver to ensure the person's well-being. In other cases, the abuse is deliberate, and is disguised as caregiving. Here are a few examples of that type of abuse: Rough physical handling Sudden movements of bedding Pushing and pulling Over-medication Unnecessary or excessive use of restraints Ignoring dietary restrictions Toileting abuse (leaving someone on the toilet too long or not taking them to the bathroom when they need to use it) Bathing in water that is too hot or too cold Frightening Physical Actions Using frightening physical actions that stop short of causing serious physical harm is another form of physical abuse that is too often used by abusive caregivers of people with developmental disabilities. Consider how these actions might affect a person with developmental disabilities: Grabbing persons with visual impairments from behind Jumping in front of persons with visual impairments, or trying to trip them Abruptly moving persons with mobility impairments Forcing persons with physical disabilities to move from one position to another when they are exhausted or in pain Physical Signs of Abuse: Questionable Bruises Bruises are among the most common injuries found in children and adults with developmental disabilities who have been abused. It is important to remember that occasional bruising is also common in people who are not abused, and that people with some disabilities may be prone to bruising for other reasons. Here are some of the more common bruises that may indicate signs of abuse: Facial Frequent, unexplained, or inadequately explained In unlikely places In various stages of healing On several different surface areas Patterned, reflecting shapes Bilateral: means bruises on same places on both sides of the body.? Bruises would appear on both upper arms, for example, may indicate where the abuser applied pressure while forcefully shaking the person.? Bruises on both sides of the body rarely result from accidental causes. Regularly evident after an absence, home visit, or vacation Other Physical Indicators The following are some other physical indicators of abuse or neglect of persons with developmental disabilities. In each case, other indicators such as behavior and circumstances must be considered. Questionable cuts and scrapes Consider: Frequent, repetitive, unexplained, or inadequately explained scrapes Atypical locations such as mouth, lips, gums, eyes, external genitalia (e.g., places other than palms, knees, or other areas usually covered by clothing) Patterned scarring that may be due to inflicted injuries such as whipping Burns or scalds Consider: Patterned burns(e.g., shaped like a cigarette butt or electrical appliance) Burns in specific locations such as several burns on different parts of the body or on particularly sensitive locations, such as soles, palms, back, or buttocks Immersion burns, which appear sock-like, glove-like, or doughnut-shaped on buttocks, genitalia, or limbs Bites Consider: Human bite marks are easily distinguished from those of animals by their size and shape, and whether flesh is torn. If bites are explained as self-inflicted, the location and position of the bite must be consistent with the person's functional abilities. Ligature marks and welts (which could have come from being tied up or gagged) Could be the result of whipping Welts often follow clearly defined stroke patterns, especially if the person was immobile during the whipping Chafing and bruising, sometimes accompanied by swelling, on the wrists, ankles, throat, or penis can be the result of being tied up or choked Even when choking is severe or fatal, bruising may be faint or entirely absent Eye and ear injuries Sudden or unexplained hearing loss Cauliflower ears (i.e., thickened external ear structures) Bruising to the outer ears Blood behind the eardrum Retina hemorrhage or other intraocular bleeding Dental and mouth injuries Lost or broken teeth, particularly if unrelated to dental disease, normal loss of children's teeth, or accidental causes Repeated, unexplained, or inadequately explained dental injuries Facial bone or jaw fractures Bruising of cheeks and gums at corners of mouth (from gags) Cuts or bruises on the tongue Discoloration of the teeth as a result of previous abuse Dislocations of joints Repeated dislocations of joints in the absence of a known disease process may indicate shaking, twisting, or pulling Frequent or multiple dislocations in the absence of a clear explanation may indicate physical abuse Fractures: Repeated or multiple fractures in the absence of a known disease process or clear explanation may indicate abuse Old, untreated fractures can indicate chronic abuse Spiral fractures that result from twisting limbs may be related to abuse in non-ambulatory children and adults with developmental disabilities Coma: Shaking and other forms of abuse can result in coma of undetermined origin without external injuries. Comas not associated with known accidental causes or clearly identified disease processes should also be suspected. Distinguishing Abuse from Accidental Injury Accidents happen with everyone, including people with developmental disabilities. The following is a guide to help you tell the difference between accidental and non-accidental injuries. When observing an injury that might be the result of abuse, consider these factors: Location of the injury: Certain locations on the body are more likely to sustain accidental injury. These include the knees, elbows, shins, and forehead. Protected body parts and soft tissue areas, such as the back, thighs, genital area, buttocks, back of legs, or face, are less likely to accidentally come into contact with objects that could cause injury. Number and frequency of injuries: The greater the number of injuries, the greater the cause for concern. Unless the person is involved in a serious automobile accident, he/she is not likely to sustain a number of different injuries accidentally. Multiple injuries in different stages of healing are also a strong indicator of chronic abuse. Size and shape of the injury: Many non-accidental injuries are inflicted with familiar objects: a stick, a board, a belt, a hair brush. The marks which result bear a strong resemblance to the objects used. Accidental marks resulting from bumps and falls usually have no defined shape. Description of how the injury occurred: If an injury is accidental, there should be a reasonable explanation of how it happened that is consistent with the appearance of the injury. When the description of how the injury occurred and the appearance of the injury are inconsistent, there is cause for concern. For example, it is not likely that a person's fall from a wheelchair onto a rug would produce bruises all over the body. Consistency of injury with the person's developmental capability: As children grow and gain new skills, their ability to engage in activities that can cause injury increases. A toddler trying to run is likely to suffer bruised knees and a bump on the head. Toddlers are less likely to suffer a broken arm than an eight-year-old who has discovered the joy of climbing trees. Behavioral Signs of Abuse Behavioral signs can be extremely important in detecting abuse and neglect, especially in people who have communication challenges and are unable to tell anyone about what happened to them. In many cases, physical signs of abuse may not yet be present or noticed so behavioral signs are often the first indicators. Usually it is a combination of physical and behavioral changes that are seen in people that have been abused.? Here are some of the behavioral signs of possible abuse: Aggressive behavior Is widespread among victims of abuse May imitate the aggression committed against the abused person (e.g., the child who is whipped may whip smaller children) May generalize to other forms of aggression, such as yelling or hitting others May be exhibited through excessively violent drawings, stories, or play Atypical attachment Consider: Children who have been abused often appear insecure with strangers, and compulsively seek the presence and attention of their primary caregivers, yet may express little affection towards them A preschooler may cling to his mother and cry excessively both when she leaves him and when she returns The person who has been abused may be uncomfortable with physical contact with anyone Disclosure Direct disclosures of abuse, neglect, or exploitation are powerful evidence, even when some details are incorrect. Complaining of soreness or pain when unrelated to disability or illness. All disclosures should be given attention and referred to the appropriate authorities for full evaluation. Fearfulness Victims of abuse often appear fearful of others: Fear can be specific to the abuser, but may generalize to other people or places Fear may be age or gender-specific (e.g., the child who turns away and raises his or her arms as if to ward off a blow whenever an adult nearby makes a sudden move) The person may be afraid to go home, or afraid to leave home The child may be afraid to change clothes for gym activities (may be attempting to hide injuries, bruises), or may be afraid to take off a long-sleeved shirt even in the heat Learning Disabilities Difficulty learning can be a result of abuse for complex reasons. Much of the child's energy is directed toward surviving the abuse and coping with stress. This leaves little energy for learning or other typical childhood activities. Psychotherapy, or other appropriate treatments, can lead to improvement for those whose learning disabilities resulted from their psychological response to abuse. Noncompliance People who are abused often become noncompliant. Noncompliance: May be a generalized response to frustration, or an effort to gain personal control May be aimed at avoidance of the abuser or the abusive situation Can take the form of chronically running away (adolescents) Regression Often children who are abused behave like younger children. This form of regression: May reflect their inability to move through normal stages of development in the face of intense anxiety Could reflect a mechanism of escape Can be limited to affective and interpersonal behavior Can extend to developmental skills such as toileting (e.g., a child who was previously toilet trained may begin to have accidents after experiencing abuse) Sleepdisturbance Having nightmares or trouble getting to sleep are characteristic of abused persons This can lead to further abuse due to caregiver frustration and loss of sleep Withdrawal People who are abused often withdraw from others and spend much of their time alone Sometimes the withdrawal is related to depression Sometimes the person will alternate between withdrawal and aggression Aggression may be the person's way of discouraging interaction with others. For example, an abused child may keep to himself and avoid other children, but become aggressive when unable to avoid interaction4. Signs and Symptoms of Exploitation Taking advantage of individuals with a developmental disability can rob them of their independence and the ability to afford the basic necessities of life, such as food, rent payments and medicine. It's also a crime and should be reported right away to the Florida Abuse Hotline. In particular, financial exploitation often goes unreported or is reported long after the damage is done. When that happens, the suspect is far more likely to get away with the crime and move on to other victims. Here are a few signs to watch for: Sudden decrease in bank account balances Sudden change in banking practices (such as making several large withdrawals from a bank account or ATM over a period of several days instead of one small withdrawal each week) Sudden problems paying bills or buying food or other necessities Sudden changes in wills or other financial documents The person begins to act very secretively. (Telephone con artists often try to isolate their victims to avoid detection by telling the victim not to let anybody know about their calls.) Unexplained disappearance of money or valuable possessions Substandard care being provided or bills which are late or unpaid despite the availability of adequate financial resources Concerns expressed by a person with a developmental disability that he or she is being exploited Lack of money early in the month (when disability or other types of government benefits are paid) If you notice any of these signs or suspect that a person with a developmental disability might be a victim of exploitation, please contact the Florida Abuse Hotline immediately. Factors That Make it Hard to Recognize Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation A number of factors can make it difficult to identify abuse, neglect, and exploitation of persons with developmental disabilities. Person does not recognize abuse, neglect, or exploitation. In order to let someone know they are being maltreated, victims of abuse must: Recognize the behavior as abusive Consider it significant enough to report Be able to communicate to someone about the abuse Be believed "I wasn't able to say, "knock it off" to my family who was doing my personal care. I thought it was normal to be tossed around in my chair. To have a comb dragged through my hair so it comes out. To be left on a toilet for an hour. It took me about five years of hiring people, when I realized that I didn't have to accept those things. Many people with developmental disabilities have grown accustomed to being treated without respect, and are used to routine treatment that most other people would not tolerate. People with developmental disabilities may view only the most severe acts against them to be worthy of attention and possible reporting. The victim may consider an incident "unimportant" unless it involves serious physical harm. Greater personal assistance needs Some people with physical disabilities require help with personal care routines such as dressing and bathing throughout their lives. Personal care routines require physical contact, and may result in occasional touching of sexual parts of the body, with the result that the person can't tell whether these touches are accidental, required, or abusive. Fear of not having needs met People with developmental disabilities who are dependent on others for their day-to-day care may be fearful that if they let anyone know they are being mistreated, they will no longer receive the care they need. They may also fear reprisals from their caregivers if they tell anyone. Communication challenges Some people with developmental disabilities are limited in their ability to communicate verbally about an abusive incident. Adaptations may be required to insure adequate communications. Behavioral and circumstantial indicators become more important in identifying abuse, neglect, and exploitation in these cases. Self-abusive behaviors Some people with developmental disabilities resulting in behavioral or cognitive impairments engage in self-abusive behaviors, or are prone to accidental injury. This makes it more difficult to identify abuse, neglect, or exploitation when it occurs for these persons. Signs of abuse may be interpreted as behavioral problems The best rule of thumb for recognizing the behavioral signs of abuse, neglect, or exploitation is to know what is normal behavior for the particular person. When assessing the person's behavior, it is important to take the following steps: Examine the history of the behavior Obtain a behavioral baseline Determine whether there has been a clear behavior change that has taken place during the time frame in question Consider any changes in the intensity and duration of the behavioral episodes The Problem with "Subtle" Abuse "If they're (personal assistants are) feeling angry for some reason…at you or whatever, they might set you down in your chair a little harder than normal. Or…position you in a little rougher way. And you sit there thinking, 'Now did he mean to do that?' It's really hard to distinguish. It makes you question yourself a lot. While some actions (such as punching) are easy to identify as abuse, other forms of mistreatment by caregivers are harder to spot (although they still represent acts of abuse). Below are examples of what can be termed "subtle" abuse: Ignoring a person when they ask for help Making a person beg for help Providing help in a way that makes the person feel like a burden or feel guilty Intentionally making a person wait for help Refusing to recharge the battery of a person's wheelchair Providing physical care in a way that is unnecessarily rough or careless Refusing to provide help unless the person agrees to lend money Purposely unplugging or turning off adaptive equipment7 Conditions of People with Developmental Disabilities That Can Sometimes Look Like Abuse or Neglect There are a number of conditions that may lead you to incorrectly think that someone with a developmental disability has been abused or neglected. Here are some of the most common: Injuries due to falls Sensory impairments Skin breakdown from appliances or orthopedic equipment Self-injurious behavior (SIB) Poor growth and failure to thrive Fractures Sensory integration problems: Some people with different kinds of disabilities may be overly sensitive to touch, textures, taste, or temperature. These persons may resist hugs, face washing or other harmless/innocent types of touch. This can also look like failure to thrive or significant behavioral problems. Mongolian spots: Mongolian spots which are bluish or bruised-appearing areas that are usually seen on the lower back or buttocks. These spots are harmless and occur more commonly in persons of color. They may remain for months or years.8 What are the reasons if a person maintains 10–15 years of good character, is well behaved, and some reported unusual behavior is there? Some environmental manipulation has been done. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or other types of aggression. Abuse of the elderly
Types and contexts of abuse Abuse in housing in the state or outside the state.
Abuse of authority Oppression and Political corruption Abuse of authority, in the form of political corruption, is the use of legislated or otherwise authorised powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. Abuse of authority is separated from abuse of power in that the act is originally condoned, but is extended beyond that initially conceived and is in not all cases Abuse of corpse Abuse of discretion An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration the facts and law relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom. Abuse of dominanceSee: Abuse of dominance Abuse of indulgencesSee: Abuse of indulgences Abuse of information Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorised. Abuse of power Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct," is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election. Abuse of process A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action. Abuse of rank Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way. _________ claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia. Abuse of statisticsSee: Abuse of statistics Abuse of the systemSee: Abuse#Gaming the system Abuse of trustSee: Position of trust Abusive supervision Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although can arise in other areas such as in the household and at school. “Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome”.[4][5] "Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors”. The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events. Academic abuseSee: Academic abuse Ad hominem abuse Ad hominem abuse (also called personal abuse or personal attacks) usually involves insulting or belittling one's opponent to invalidate his or her argument, but can also involve pointing out factual but ostensible character flaws or actions which are irrelevant to the opponent's argument. Adolescent abuseSee: Anti-social behaviour, Juvenile delinquency, Parental abuse by adolescents, Parental abuse of adolescents Adult abuseAdult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.[7] Alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse, as described in the DSM-IV, is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences.[8] Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. However, many definitions of alcoholism exist, and only some are compatible with alcohol abuse. There are two types of alcoholics: those who have anti social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start.[9] Binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse.[10] According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation.[11] Animal abuse See also: Category:Cruelty to animals Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world. Anti-social behaviour See also: Incivility Anti-social behaviour is often seen as public behaviour that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may cause them or their property damage. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behaviour may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behaviour is pro-social behaviour, namely any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.[12] Bullying See also: Template:Bullying, Category:Bullying, Bullying in academia, Bullying in information technology, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in the military, Bullying in nursing, Bullying in teaching, Gay bullying, School bullying, Sexual bullying and Workplace bullying Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[13] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse – verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[14] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat. Character assassination Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of an ad hominem (to the person) argument. Child abuse See also: Category:Child abuse and Child neglect Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[15] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organisations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Parental abuse of children Child sexual abuse See also: Category:Child sexual abuse, Child sexual abuse laws in the United States, False allegation of child sexual abuse, Laws regarding child sexual abuse, Penn State child sex abuse scandal and Relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[16][17] Different forms of this include: asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of genitalia to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, viewing or engaging in physical contact with the child's genitals, or using a child to produce child pornography. Child-on-child sexual abuse Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. This includes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion;[20] particularly when physical force, threats, trickery, or emotional manipulation are used to elicit co-operation. Church abuseSee: Abuse#Spiritual abuse Civil rights abuse Clandestine abuse Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded." Clerical abuseSee: Catholic sex abuse cases Cyber abuse or cyber bullying See also: Computer crime, Cyber-aggression in the workplace, Cyberstalking, Cyberterrorism, Email bomb, Flaming (Internet), Harassment by computer and Troll (Internet) Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. Dating abuse or dating violence See also: Date rape Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behaviour exhibited by one or both partners in a dating relationship. The behaviour may include, but is not limited to; physical abuse; psychological abuse; and sexual abuse. Defamation See also: Libel and Slander Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually—but not always,[note 1] a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication be communicated to someone other than the person defamed (termed the claimant). Detainee abuseSee: Abuse#Prison abuse or prisoner abuse Disability abuse It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by disability abuse and bullying, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[23] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled – such as wheelchair-users or individuals with physical deformities (e.g., cleft lip) – but also those with learning disabilities such as autism[24][25] and developmental coordination disorder.[26][27] In the latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by an ignorant physical education teacher. Abuse of the disabled is not limited to schools; there are many known cases in which the disabled have been abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a BBC Panorama programme on a Castlebeck care home (Winterbourne View) near Bristol, leading to its closure and suspension or firing of staff members. Discriminatory abuse Discrimination, Category:Discrimination, Template:Discrimination, Template:Discrimination sidebar, Prejudice and Religious discrimination Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different; for example concerning: age clothing or appearance ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language gender, including gender-related traits (e.g., Pregnancy) health (such as HIV/AIDS) or disability (e.g., mental disorders) language usage lifestyle or occupation race or skin colour religion or political affiliation sexuality and sexual orientation social class or creed weight or height Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination. Other acts of discrimination include political libel, defamation of groups and stereotypes based on exaggerations. Doctor abuseSee: Abuse#Medical abuse, Bullying in medicine, Patient abuse Domestic abuse or domestic violence See also: Category:Domestic violence, Christianity and domestic violence, Common couple violence, Domestic violence and pregnancy, Effects of domestic violence on children, Epidemiology of domestic violence and Islam and domestic violence Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviours by one or both partners in an intimate relationship, such as marriage, cohabitation, family, dating, or even friends. It is important to remember that abuse is always intentional, and can not happen by accident. Domestic violence has many forms, including: physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof sexual abuse emotional abuse financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money, including that of other family members) social abuse (restricting access to friends and/or family, insulting or threatening friends and/or family), controlling or domineering intimidation stalking passive/covert abuse[29][30] (e.g., neglect) economic deprivation Depending on local statues, the domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption[31] and mental illness[32] have frequently been associated with abuse. Drug abuseSee: Abuse#Substance abuse Economic abuse Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[33] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[33][34][35] Elder abuse Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person. Emotional abuseSee: Psychological abuse Employee abuseSee: Workplace abuse or workplace bullying False accusations False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts: informally in everyday life; quasi-judicially; judicially. Financial abuseSee also: Economic abuse Examples of financial (or material) abuse include: illegal or unauthorised use of a person's property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the abuser as heir); and often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property; or by eviction from their own home. Baumhoefner, Arlen (2006). Financial Abuse of the Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed. Bechthold, Henry L (2003). Blowing the Whistle on the Christian Church in America: The Political Hypocrisy, Double Standards and Financial Abuse Exposed. Carnot, Edward J (2003). Is Your Parent in Good Hands?: Protecting Your Aging Parent from Financial Abuse and Neglect (Capital Cares). Roubicek, Joe (2008). Financial Abuse of the Elderly; A Detective's Case Files Of Exploitation Crimes. Flag abuse Gaming the system Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead manipulate the system for a desired outcome.[37] Gaslighting Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false information is presented to the victim with the intent of making them doubt their own memory and perception. It may simply be the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred, or could be as extreme as staging bizarre events with the intention of disorientating the victim. Gaslighting need not require the denial of past abuse; repeated lying about trivial, day-to-day pieces of information to cause confusion in the victim can harm the victim and still constitutes gaslighting. Gay abuse or gay bashing Gay bashing and gay bullying are verbal or physical abuse against a person perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual, including people who are actually heterosexual, or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation. Group psychological abuse Group psychological abuse refers to groups where methods of psychological abuse are frequently or systematically used on their members. Such abuse would be practices that treat the members as objects one is free to manipulate instead of respecting their autonomy, human rights, identity and dignity. In a group they may also play mind games with another person that can make the victim seem like they are accepted, but in actuality are backstabbing the person when his/her back is turned. When the victim requests assistance from the abusing group it is not given. Harassment See also: Harassment by computer, Electronic harassment, Harassment in the United Kingdom, Landlord harassment, Hostile environment sexual harassment, Mobile harassment, Power harassment, Sexual harassment and Sexual harassment in education Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing. Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace. Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim. Hate crimes See also: Category:Hate crime, Disability hate crime, Hate mail and Hate speech Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group; usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation. "Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or inflammatory letters (hate mail). Hazing Hazing is considered any activity involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation as a way of initiating a person into a group. Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within gangs, clubs, sports teams, military units, and workplaces. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organisations (fraternities and sororities). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities. Human rights abuse See also: Category:Human rights abuses Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[40] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food, the right to work, and—in certain countries—the right to education. Humiliation Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. Incivility See also: Workplace incivility Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, ranging from rudeness or lack of respect towards elders; vandalism and hooliganism; or public drunkenness and threatening behaviour. Institutional abuse See also: Foster care § State abuses Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following: discriminatory abuse financial abuse neglect physical abuse psychological and emotional abuse sexual abuse verbal abuse Further reading IntimidationM See also: Witness intimidation Intimidation is intentional behaviour "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It is not necessary to prove that the behaviour was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim was actually frightened.[43] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature...through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism. Legal abuse See also: Category:Abuse of the legal system Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action. Abuse can originate from nearly any part of the legal system, including frivolous and vexatious litigants, abuses by law enforcement, incompetent, careless or corrupt attorneys and misconduct from the judiciary itself. Legal abuse is responsible not only for injustice, but also harm to physical, psychological and societal health. MalpracticeSee: Negligence Market abuse See also: Anti-competitive practices and Insider trading Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who: have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing) have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments have disseminated false or misleading information. Material abuseSee: Financial abuse Medical abuseSee also: Abuse § Patient abuse, Patient abuse, Aggression in healthcare, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in nursing, Medical malpractice and Never events Mental abuseSee: Psychological abuse Military abuse Bullying in the military, Military use of children, Military sexual trauma, War crime and War rape War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war", including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[49] War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of psychological warfare to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale. Military sexual trauma is sexual assault and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder. Mind abuse or mind control See also: Category:Mind control and Mind games Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".[51] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own thinking, behaviour, emotions or decision making. Misconduct See also: Duty to report misconduct, Judicial misconduct, Official misconduct, Police misconduct, Police misconduct in the United States, Prosecutorial misconduct, Scientific misconduct and Sexual misconduct Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct. Mobbing Mobbing means bullying of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as emotional abuse in the workplace (such as "ganging up" on someone by co-workers, subordinates or superiors) to force someone out of the workplace through rumour, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial, general harassment.[52] Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family. Narcissistic abuse Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by narcissistic parents of their children, but more recently has come to mean any abuse by a narcissist (egotistical person or someone with arrogant pride). Neglect See also: Child neglect and Self-neglect Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a caregiver responsible for providing care for a victim (a child, a physically or mentally disabled adult, an animal, a plant, or an inanimate object) fails to provide adequate care for the victim's needs, to the detriment of the victim. It is typically seen as a form of laziness or apathy on the form of the caregiver, rather than ignorance due to inability; accordingly, neglect of a child by and adult with mental disorders or who is overworked is not considered abuse, although this may constitute child neglect nonetheless. Examples of neglect include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for themselves. Negligence See also: Legal malpractice, Malpractice, Medical malpractice, Negligence in employment and Professional negligence in English Law Negligence is conduct that is culpable (to blame) because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm. Nurse abuse or nursing abuseSee also: Abuse § Medical abuse and Bullying in nursing Online abuseSee: Abuse#Cyber abuse or cyber bullying Parental abuse by children Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under-reported and under-researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression, typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem, so they rarely seek help; nor is much help available today. Passive–aggressive behaviour See also: Mind games, Neglect, Obstructionism, Procrastination, Silent treatment and Social undermining Passive–aggressive behaviour is a form of covert abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate and repeated failures in accomplishing tasks for which one is (often explicitly) expected to do. Patient abuse See also: Category:Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients, Experimentation on prisoners, Iatrogenesis, Medical harm and Medical malpractice Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits. Peer abuse"Peer abuse" is an expression popularised by author Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify bullying as a form of abuse just as one would identify any other form of abuse.[56] The term conveys similar connotations to the term peer victimisation. Persecution See also: Category:Persecution and Category:Religious persecution Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution; though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. Personal abuse or personal attacksSee: Abuse#Ad hominem abuse Physical abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Torture See also: Category:Psychological torture techniques Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted. Police abuse Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. Though usually physical it has the potential to arise in the form of verbal attacks or psychological intimidation. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers. Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination. Political abuse repression, Category:Political repression and Political abuse of psychiatry Prison abuse or prisoner abuse See also: Category:Military prisoner abuse scandals, Experimentation on prisoners and Prison rape Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes: Physical abuse: hitting, beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment. Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally white noise Sexual abuse: forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse. Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation, etc. Enhanced interrogation: methods implemented in the War on Terror purportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results. Torture: any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted Professional abuse See also: Malpractice, Professional ethics, Professional negligence in English Law and Professional responsibility Professional abusers: take advantage of their client or patient's trust exploit their vulnerability do not act in their best interests fail to keep professional boundaries Abuse may be: discriminatory financial physical/neglectful psychological/emotional sexual Professional abuse always involves: betrayal of trust exploitation of vulnerability violation of professional boundaries Further reading Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace. Racial abuse Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities. It is a form of pride that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others," according to a Macquarie Dictionary definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, and oppression. Ragging Rape See also: Category:Rape, Corrective rape, Date rape, Effects and aftermath of rape, Motivation for rape, Prison rape, Rape by gender, Rape statistics, Rape trauma syndrome, Spousal rape, Types of rape and War rape Rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse (with or without sexual penetration) of another without the other's consent (this includes those who are considered unable to consent, e.g., if they were inebriated or asleep) The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of US rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[62] In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[63] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem. Relational aggression Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[66] or covert bullying[67] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[67][68] Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys. Religious abuse See also: Religious discrimination, Religious persecution, Category:Religious persecution and Religious terrorism Religious abuse refers to: use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes psychological harm harassment or humiliation on the basis of the victim's religion, (see religious discrimination) misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideological ends, see religion and politics abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases[69] any form of religious violence, including: human sacrifice violent initiation rites Resident abuseSee: Resident abuse Rudeness Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette. Satanic ritual abuse Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s. School bullying See also: Bullying in teaching and List of school pranks School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time. Sectarian abuse Self-abuse Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harm and drug abuse. It can take a variety of forms, and may be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It tends to be most visible in young adults and adolescents, but may affect people of any age. Sexual abuse See also: Template:Sexual abuse, Category:Sexual abuse, Sexual harassment, Sexual misconduct and Sexual slavery Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being considered a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a "sexual abuser" or – more pejoratively – "molester".[72] The term also covers any behaviour by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse. Sexual bullying See also: Sexual harassment and Sexual misconduct Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology." Sibling abuse Sibling abuse is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. It is estimated[74] that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than either child abuse by parents or spousal abuse. Smear campaign A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatised group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as mud slinging. Societal abuseSee: Abuse#Structural abuse Spiritual abuse Spiritual abuse Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God or Chur or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority. Spousal abuseSee: Abuse#Domestic abuse or domestic violence Stalking See also: Cyberstalking and Stalker (stalking) Stalking is unwanted attention towards others by individuals (and sometimes groups of people). Stalking behaviours are related to harassment and intimidation. The word "stalking" is a term that has different meanings in different contexts in psychology and psychiatry; and some legal jurisdictions use it to refer to a certain type of criminal offence. It may also to refer to criminal offences or civil wrongs that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms. Structural abuse Structural abuse is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental or psychological level. Substance abuse See also: Category:Substance abuse Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or through methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals (including prescription drugs). Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is performed using the objects against the rules and policies of the matter (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports), it is also called substance abuse. Therefore, mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only types of drugs abused. Using illicit drugs – narcotics, stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, cannabis, or even glues and paints—are also considered to be classified as drug/substance abuse.[75] Substance abuse often includes problems with impulse control and impulsive behavior. Surveillance abuse Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy. Taunting A taunt is a battle cry, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or insult intended to demoralise the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviours without thinking. Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's cultural capital (i.e. status).[citation needed] In sociological theory, the control of the three social capitals[note 2] is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly bullying, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk. Teacher abuseSee: Teacher abuse Teasing Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of harassment. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their appearance, weight, behaviour, abilities, and clothing.[77] This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognise this as play; but in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of bullying and abuse. Telephone abuseSee: Nuisance call Terrorism See also: Category:Terrorism, Category:Terrorism by form, Cyberterrorism, Economic terrorism, Religious terrorism, Category:Religious terrorism and State terrorism Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[78] At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[79][80] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (e.g., neutral military personnel or civilians). It is sometimes sponsored by state policies when a country is not able to prove itself militarily to another enemy _______. Transgender abuse or trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimising a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[81] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation. Umpire abuse Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards a umpire, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be verbal abuse (such as namecalling), or physical abuse (such as punching). Verbal abuse or verbal attacks Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behaviour involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it also includes abusive words in written form. Verbal abuse is a pattern of behaviour that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organised by the abuser for the purposes of control. Whispering campaign A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumours or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumours seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate). Workplace abuse or workplace bullying See also: Template:Workplace, Bullying in academia, Bullying in information technology, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in nursing, Bullying in teaching, Cyber-aggression in the workplace, Control freak, Emotional tyranny, Micromanagement, Negligence in employment, Workplace aggression, Workplace conflict, Workplace incivility and Workplace stress Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behaviour against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organisation and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms. Characteristics and styles of abuse Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are: overt abuse covert (or controlling) abuse unpredictability disproportional (exaggerated) reactions dehumanisation and objectification abuse of information impossible situations (setting up to fail) control by proxy ambient abuse (gaslighting) Telltale signs of abuseTelltale signs may include:[83] 1.isolation 2.irrational jealousy 3.subtle presence of physical violence 4.discounting, minimising, and trivialising 5.criticising 6.withholding 7.blaming. Psychological characteristics of abusers In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[84] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, approved[clarification needed] of violence against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners. Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[85][86][87] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[88] There are no similar statistics on female perpetrators of family violence due to bias[citation needed] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[89] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[90] Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[91][92] Effects of abuse on victims Complex post-traumatic stress disorder and Psychological trauma See also: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) English et al.[93] report that children whose families are characterised by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[94] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynaecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[95] report that victims exhibit high rates of post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism. Namie's study of workplace bullying found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviours). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[97] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population. A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[98] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterise the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). Jacobson et al.[99] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[100] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[101] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[102] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors. Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[103] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%). In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[104] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[105] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners. Power and control in abusive relationships In abusive relationships, violence is posited to arise out of a need for power and control of one partner over the other. An abuser will use various tactics of abuse (e.g., physical, verbal, emotional, sexual or financial) to establish and maintain control over the partner. Abusers' efforts to dominate their partners have been attributed to low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy, unresolved childhood conflicts, the stress of poverty, hostility and resentment toward women (misogyny), hostility and resentment toward men (misandry), personality disorders, genetic tendencies and sociocultural influences, among other possible causative factors. Most authorities seem to agree that abusive personalities result from a combination of several factors, to varying degrees. A causalist view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This view is in alignment with Bancroft's "cost-benefit" theory that abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). He cites evidence in support of his argument that, in most cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons.[106] An alternative view is that abuse arises from powerlessness and externalising/projecting this and attempting to exercise control of the victim. It is an attempt to 'gain or maintain power and control over the victim' but even in achieving this it cannot resolve the powerlessness driving it. Such behaviours have addictive aspects leading to a cycle of abuse or violence. Mutual cycles develop when each party attempts to resolve their own powerlessness in attempting to assert control. Questions of power and control are integral to the widely utilised Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project. They developed a "Power and Control Wheel" to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes (techniques used), the titles of which include: coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimising, denying and blaming, using children, economic abuse, and male privilege.[107] The model attempts to address abuse by challenging the misuse of power by the perpetrator. The power wheel model is not intended to assign personal responsibility, enhance respect for mutual purpose or assist victims and perpetrators in resolving their differences. Rather, it is an informational tool designed to help individuals understand the dynamics of power operating in abusive situations and identify various methods of abuse. Critics of this model argue that it ignores research linking domestic violence to substance abuse and psychological problems.[108] Some modern research into the patterns in domestic violence has found that women are more likely to be physically abusive towards their partner in relationships in which only one partner is violent,[109][110] which draws the effectiveness of using concepts like male privilege to treat domestic violence into question; however, it may still be valid in studying severe abuse cases, which are mostly male perpetrated.[110] However, modern research into predictors of injury from domestic violence finds that the strongest predictor of injury by domestic violence is participation in reciprocal domestic violence, and that this pattern of domestic violence is more often initiated by the female in the relationship. Victim blaming Victim blaming is holding the victims of a crime, an accident, or any type of abusive maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the unfortunate incident that has occurred in their lives. Cycles of abuse Intergenerational transmission of abuse Notable abuse cases Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Catholic sex abuse cases Catholic sexual abuse scandal | |||
| Abuse of older adults | |||
| Discovery Abuse | |||
| Emotional Abuse | |||
| Child Abuse | |||
| Psychological Abuse | |||
| Child Abuse | |||
| Drug Abuse | |||
| Humanrights Abuses | |||
| Sexual Abuse | |||
| Elder abuse | |||
| Other Types of Abuses | |||
| Physical Abuse | |||
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What are examples of abusive messages? Messages that contain provocative, taunting words like you are a dog, pig, mad(pagal), shit, bullshit, beggar, beggar home, or similar words. Threatening messages. This is abusive communication. What are other names for a message? Bulletin Cannonball Communiqué Directive Dispatch Dope Earful Epistle Information Intelligence Intimation Letter Memo Memorandum Missive News Note Notice Paper Report Tidings Wire Word What are examples of face-to-face in person abuse? There are various situations. Shouting at another person. Yelling at another person. How do you deal with people who shout at you? In all cases, you need to make it clear in an assertive way that this is not acceptable and that you are totally ready to completely avoid the person who does so. How should you reply to abusive communication? Forward this to the originator of abusive messages. You are required to immediately seek psychiatric and counseling help or you will go to jail or involuntary admission to psychiatry facility. This is not a normal communication. What will happen to an individual who is a victim of abuse of various types and abuse is not stopped from original sources? Stress. Post traumatic stress disorder. Depression. Other harms. |
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Child Abuse and Neglect Adult Abuse and Neglect Elderly Abuse and Neglect Who has the answer? Who is willing to answer? Who has the duty and responsibility to answer? |