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Acids and Alkalis

Acids
Bases and Alkalis

What are the properties of acids?
What are the examples of acids?
Where are acids used in industries?
What are the properties of bases and alkalis?
What are the examples of bases and alkalis?
Where are bases and alkalis used in industries?
What isn't useful terminology in chemistry?
What is the difference between inorganic and organic chemistry?
What are atomic number, atomic mass, and electronegativity according to Pauling?
Also, density, melting point, boiling point, Vanderwaals radius, ionic radius, isotopes, electronic shell, energy of first ionization, and standard potential?

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

* Corrosive ('burns' your skin)
* Sour taste (e.g. lemons, vinegar)
* Contains hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
* Has a pH less than 7
* Turns blue litmus paper to a red colour
* Reacts with bases to form salt and water
* Reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas
* Reacts with carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water and a salt

EXAMPLES OF ACIDS

* Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice
* Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
* Nitric acid (HNO3)
* Carbonic acid in softdrink (H2CO3)
* Uric acid in urine
* Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in fruit
* Citric acid in oranges and lemons
* Acetic acid in vinegar
* Tannic acid (in tea and wine)
* Tartaric acid (in grapes)

PROPERTIES OF BASES AND ALKALIS

* Corrosive ('burns' your skin)
* Soapy feel
* Has a pH more than 7
* Turns red litmus paper to a blue colour
* Many alkalis (soluble bases) contain hydroxyl ions (OH-)
* Reacts with acids to form salt and water

EXAMPLES OF BASES AND ALKALIS

* Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda
* Calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH)2 ) or limewater
* Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) or ammonia water
* Magnesium hydroxide ( Mg(OH)2 ) or milk of magnesia
* Many bleaches, soaps, toothpastes and cleaning agents
Sulphuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Chemical and Physical Properties

28 What are Chemical Properties?
29 How do Chemical Properties relate to the Periodic Table?
30 Give two Physical Properties?
31 What is the Difference between Irritant and Corrosive? Acids

1 What is an Acid?
2 How did Arrhenius define an Acid?
3 How did Lowry and Br?nsted define an Acid?
4 According to Lowry and Br?nsted, Is Water an Acid or a Base?
5 Give one Example of a Strong Acid?
6 What does Strong Acid mean?
7 What does Weak Acid mean?
8 Give one Example of a Weak Acid.
9 What is the Difference between a Strong Acid and a Concentrated Acid?
10 How can Magnesium show the Difference between a Strong and a Weak Acid?
11 Do you get More Product from a Strong or a Weak Acid?
12 Give one Property of an Acid.
13 Give two types of Substance which will React with an Acid.
14 Give one Use of an Acid.

Sulfuric Acid - The Contact Process

15 Name two Raw Materials used to make Sulfuric Acid?
16 Write the Balanced Equation for the reaction between Sulfur and Air.
17 Write the Balanced Equation for the formation of Sulfur Trioxide.
18 Which Catalyst is used for the formation of Sulfur Trioxide?
19 What effect does Temperature have on the formation of Sulfur Trioxide?
20 What effect does Pressure have on the formation of Sulfur Trioxide?
21 How is Sulfur Trioxide turned into Sulfuric Acid?
22 Give two Uses of Sulfuric Acid?
23 What effect does Concentrated Sulfuric Acid have on Glucose?

Alkalis

24 What is an Alkali?
25 What is the Difference between an Alkali and a Base?
26 Give one Example of a Base.
27 Give one Example of a Strong Alkali.
28 Give one Example of a Weak Alkali.
29 Give one Property of an Alkali.
30 Give one Use of an Alkali.

pH

31 What does pH measure?
32 What is the pH of a Strong Acid?
33 What is the pH of a Strong Alkali?
34 What is the pH of a Neutral Solution?
35 What colour is Universal Indicator in a Weak Acid?
36 What colour is Universal Indicator in a Strong Alkali?
37 What colour is Universal Indicator in a Neutral Solution?

Neutralisation and Salts

38 Give two types of Substance which will Neutralise an Acid.
39 What happens when an Acid is Neutralised?
40 Give the Equation for the Reaction of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide.
41 Which Acid and Alkali would you use to make Potassium Sulfate?
42 What is the Ionic Equation for Neutralisation?
43 Which Acid and Base would you use to make Copper(II) Chloride?
44 How would you make Pure Crystals of Copper(II) Chloride?
45 Which Acid and Carbonate would you use to make Copper Sulfate?
46 How would you make Pure Crystals of Copper Sulfate?
47 What is Precipitation?
48 Give one Example of a Reaction which forms a Precipitate?

Titration

49 What is a Titration used for?
50 What is the End Point in a Titration?
51 Which Indicator would you use in an Alkali?
52 Which Indicator would you use in an Acid?
53 Why is Universal Indicator not used?
54 How do you make Salt Crystals which are Free from Indicator?
55 What is a Burette?
56 What is a Pipette used for?
57 What is a Conductivity a measure of?
58 What Graph would you draw to use Conductivity to find the End Point?
59 What Graph would you draw to use the Amount of Heat to find the End Point?

Rates of Reaction

1 What does Collision Theory say?
2 What is the Minimum Amount of Energy needed for a Reaction called?
3 Give three ways of Increasing the Rate of a Reaction.
4 How can the Rate of a Reaction be Measured?
5 Write the Equation for the Reaction between Calcium Carbonate and HCl.
6 Write the Equation for the Reaction between Sodium Thiosulfate and HCl.
7 Write the Equation for the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.
8 What Catalyst is used for the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide?
9 What happens if you Increase the Temperature?
10 What happens if you Increase the Concentration?
11 What happens if you Increase the Pressure?
12 What happens if you Use a Powder?

Catalysts and Enzymes

13 What is a Catalyst?
14 Give One Example of a Catalyst.
15 What is an Enzyme?
16 When does an Enzyme Denature?
17 When does Lipase do?
18 When does Protease do?
19 Write the Word Equation for Fermentation.
20 Why must Air be Excluded from Fermentation?
21 How can Ethanol be Separated from Water?
22 Give two Uses of Ethanol.
23 Is Sugar Cane a Renewable Resource?
24 What is Yoghurt made from?
25 Why are Enzymes used in Detergents?
26 Why are Enzymes used in Baby Food?
27 Is Fructose Sweeter than Glucose?
28 Why are Enzymes used in Industry?