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What is the equation that represents cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP A process that breaks down food and makes ATP is a: catabolic pathway Does oxidation involve the gain or loss of electrons? loss of electrons Does reduction involve the gain or loss of electrons? gain of electrons (charge is reduced) The element or molecule that is the electron donor is what type of agent? reducing agent Is the oxidizing agent the electron donor or electron acceptor? electron acceptor True or False: In a redox reaction, Hydrogen molecules will accompany the movement of electrons. True Which compound in the cellular respiration equation is being oxidized? glucose (C6H12O6) Which compound in the cellular respiration equation is reduced? oxygen (6 O2 --> 6 H2O) Which compound in the cellular respiration equation acts as an oxidizing agent? oxygen Which compound in the cellular respiration equation acts as the reducing agent, or electron donor? glucose NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that function as: electron carriers What are the products of the reaction NAD+ + 2 H? NADH + H+ The transfer of electrons and one hydrogen molecule to NAD+ is catalyzed by what enzyme? dehydrogenase FAD functions in energy transport by: binding up electrons As you transport electrons you are also transporting what? energy The breakdown of glucose in a series of steps is an example of a: controlled reaction True or False: An uncontrolled reaction is more efficient for cellular work than a controlled reaction. False - a controlled reaction has less wasted energy True or False: Energy is more efficiently harvested from controlled reactions. True Why do we break down glucose in a series of steps rather than all at once? Energy is given off in smaller amounts leading to relatively small loss of usable energy True of False: A mitochondrion has an outer and inner membrane? True Identify the area between a mitochondrion's outer and inner membrane. intermembrane space The inside of a mitochondria is known as the: mitochondrial matrix This name is given to the folds of the mitochondrial matrix that increase surface (work) area. Cristae Ribosomes are located in what part of a mitochondrion? the matrix From which genetic donor do we get mitochondrial DNA? our mother What is the first stage of cellular respiration? glycolysis The transition reaction is the ____ stage of cellular respiration. second What is the third stage of cellular respiration? the Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle is also know as the: citric acid cycle True or False: Oxidative Phosphorylation is the fourth stage of cellular respiration. True Oxidative Phosphorylation, the fourth stage of cellular respiration, is comprised of what two processes? electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Which stages of celluar respiration are examples of substrate-level phosphorylation? glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs cycle The direct transfer of phosphate with the help of an enzyme is known as: substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphate added to ADP by means of a redox reactions is known as: oxidative phosphorylation How are substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation similar? both faciliate the reaction ADP + P --> ATP Do we gain or lose ATP during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis? gain 4 ATP Is ATP gained or lost during the energy investment phase of glycolysis? 2 ATP are lost What are the two phases of glycolysis? energy investment and energy payoff Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? the cytosol What is/are the beginning substrates for glycolysis? vglucose True of False: Fats and proteins can also be used to fuel aerobic vcellular respiration. Truev Glucose is a _______ carbon sugar. six How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis? 2 ATP True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen. False - glycolysis does not require oxygen What is/are the end products of glycolysis? 2 NADH and 2 pyruvates How many NADH are produced during glycolysis? 2 NADH Pyruvate is a _____ carbon sugar. three What by-products are produced during glycolysis? 2 H2O What is/are the beginning substrates for the transition reaction? 2 pyruvates One glucose nets how many pyruvic acids? two What by-products are produced during the transition reaction? 2 CO2 What are the end products of the transition reaction? 2 acetyl-CoA and 2 NADH Which two phases of cellular respiration each produce 2 NADH? glycolysis and the transition reaction Where in the cell does the transition reaction occur? in the mitochondria How many ATP are produced during the transition reaction? none Does the transition reaction require oxygen? yes What are the two primary steps of the transition reaction? 1) Carboxyl group is broken off of the pyruvate 2) Coenzyme A attaches to the remaining acetate A _____ group is broken off of pyruvate in the transition reaction. carboxyl The carboxyl group that is broken off during the transition reaction is discarded as: carbon dioxide CoA is added to acetate during the transition reaction to form: acetyl-CoA What process is used by cells without mitochondria to synthesize ATP? glycolysis Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur? the mitochondrial matrix What are the end products of the Krebs cycle? 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 For each glucose molecule, how many times in the Krebs cycle completed? twice 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, and 2 acetyl-CoA are the beginning substrates for which phase of cellular respiration? the Krebs cycle What are the beginning substrates for the Krebs cycle? 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 2 acetyl-CoA 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, and _________ are the beginning substrates of the Krebs cycle. 2 acetyl-CoA What by-products are produced during the Krebs cycle? 4 CO2 True or False: The Krebs cycle requires oxygen. True How many net ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle? 2 ATP Which two phases of cellular respiration each produce 2 net ATP? glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Does oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen? yes What by-products are produced during oxidative phosphorylation? 4 H2O What are the end products of oxidative phosphorylation? 32-34 ATP What is/are the beginning substrates of oxidative phosphorylation? 10 NADH 2 FADH2 Where do the 10 NADH required for oxidative phosphorylation come from? 2 from glycolysis 2 from transition reaction 6 from the Krebs cycle Where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation take place? the inner membrane of mitochondria What is the basic purpose of ATP synthase? phosphorylate ADP True or False: ATP synthase is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. True What molecule moves through the ATP synthase channel causing the stalk to spin? Hydrogen ions The spinning stalk of ATP synthase catalyzed the _____, allowing phosphorylation of ADP to occur. knob Is hydrogen pumped in or out as electrons are being stripped off of NADH or FADH2? out As hydrogen is being pumped into the intermembrane, is it moving with or against the concentration gradient? against the gradient True or False: Electrons are transported from carrier to carrier embedded in the inner membrane, releasing energy that ultimately leads to the phosphorylation of ADP. True What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? oxygen True or False: As Hydrogen ions move down the concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix, they power ATP synthase as water powers a mill. True Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? anaerobic What types of organisms perform lactic acid fermentation? animals and some bacteria How many ATP are made in lactic acid fermentation? 2 ATP How are the 2 ATP synthesized in lactic acid fermentation? glycolysis is performed as normal What happens to the 2 pyruvate products of glycolysis during lactic acid fermentation. they are broken down into lactate The ionized form of lactic acid is known as: lactate Lactate is the product of: lactic acid fermentation Where is lactic acid broken down in the body? the liver How many ATP are produced from alcohol fermentation? 2 from normal glycolysis What three steps occur to pyruvate during alcohol fermentation? carboxyl group is stripped and released as CO2 acetate converted to acetylaldehyde acetylaldehyde is broken down to ethanol What two products result from alcohol fermentation? CO2 and ethanol What organisms would use alcohol fermentation? yeast Is fermentation faster or slower than cellular respiration? faster |