Throat Problems
Throat Disorders
Oral Health: Mouth & Throat Medical Conditions
Throat Symptoms - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments
Annotation or Definition
|
How do you know if a person has throat problems? What are the various medical diagnoses relevant to throat problems? What are the most common medical diagnoses relevant to throat problems? What are the signs of throat problems? What are the symptoms of a throat infection? What causes throat symptoms? What are the potential complications of throat symptoms? What is the Pharynx and Tonsils? What is the function of the pharynx? Oral pharyngeal disorders What human anatomy should one know relevant to this medical condition? How is it diagnosed? What is the treatment? |
|
How do you know if a person has throat problems? Aching muscles and limbs with throat pain Change in voice, such as muffled or altered speech or hoarseness Cough Dry throat Itchiness or tickling in the throat Fever (a temperature of 38.5°C or higher) Fever (a temperature of 38.5°C or higher) with throat pain Headache with throat pain. Nasal congestion or runny nose Pain in your ears or neck Persistent irritation in the throat Phlegm or mucus buildup due to postnasal drip, infection, or inflammation Red, swollen tonsils (the glands at the back of your throat; tonsillitis) Redness and swelling (inflammation) at the back of your throat causing pain, especially when you swallow Runny nose Sore throat Sneezing Swallowing problems, such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or painful swallowing (odynophagia) Swollen glands (lymph nodes) in your neck Swollen tonsils Throat lumps or growths Throat pain Throat pain with itchy or watery eyes Tiredness White patches on the tonsils and throat What are the various medical diagnoses relevant to throat problems?
If a specific physician mentions cancer, you have to verify the diagnosis yourself. How did you reach this diagnosis? What are the symptoms and signs justifying this diagnosis relevant to this human being? What are the pathological microscopic findings that led to this conclusion? You can be charged with unprofessional conduct and/or medical malpractice. What are the most common medical diagnoses relevant to throat problems? Flu Strep throat/streptococcal pharyngitis Tonsillitis—an infection in the tonsils Throat pain and mouth sores, along with other cold and flu symptoms, are common problems. What are the signs of throat problems? Throat symptoms can vary greatly in character and severity depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. Common throat symptoms include: •Change in voice, such as muffled or altered speech or hoarseness •Dry throat •Feelings of itchiness or tickling in the throat •Persistent irritation •Phlegm or mucus buildup due to postnasal drip, infection, or inflammation •Sore throat •Swallowing problems, such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or painful swallowing (odynophagia) •Swollen tonsils •Throat lumps or growths •Throat pain •White patches on the tonsils and throat What are the symptoms of a throat infection? Common symptoms of a sore throat include: redness and swelling (inflammation) at the back of your throat causing pain, especially when you swallow red, swollen tonsils (the ‘glands’ at the back of your throat; tonsillitis) swollen ‘glands’ (lymph nodes) in your neck pain in your ears or neck. If your sore throat is caused by the cold or flu virus, you may also have some of the symptoms of a cold or flu including: fever (a temperature of 38.5°C or higher) headache runny nose cough tiredness aching muscles and limbs. Certain symptoms are more likely to suggest a throat infection caused by bacteria. What causes throat symptoms? Throat symptoms may be caused by a wide array of conditions, including infectious diseases, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus. Certain types of head and neck cancers may also cause throat symptoms that include difficulty swallowing, sore throat, and the development of throat growths or sores. Infectious causes of throat symptoms Throat symptoms can be caused by a variety of infectious diseases including: • Chickenpox • Common cold (viral respiratory infection) • Croup (viral illness) • Influenza (flu) • Mononucleosis • Pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat often caused by an infection) • Strep throat (streptococcal bacteria infection characterized by a sore, red throat and occasionally white spots on the tonsils) • Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils often caused by an infection) Other causes of throat symptoms Other causes of throat symptoms include environmental factors, allergies, and digestive system conditions: • Allergies, including hay fever and rhinitis • Dry air •Foreign body •Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, a condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus) • Head and neck cancers • Postnasal drip • Smoking and air pollution Life-threatening causes of throat symptoms In some cases, throat symptoms may be a symptom of a serious or life-threatening condition that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting. These include: Anaphylaxis (life-threatening allergic reaction) • Choking or aspiration of food, fluids, or other substances into the windpipe • Epiglottitis (inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis) What is the Pharynx and Tonsils? The technical name for throat is pharynx. The pharynx is the uppermost part of the alimentary tract and commonly referred to as the throat. It directs the passage of air and food between the mouth and nose into esophagus and larynx. The tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue that lie in the pharynx. Location of the Pharynx It starts from the back of the mouth and nose and extends down into the esophagus. It runs from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra, which is posterior to the pharynx, and the cricoid cartilage, which lies anterior to the pharynx.  What is the function of the pharynx? Functions of the pharynx include: 1. Swallowing 2. Breathing 3. Speech 4. Equilibration of the Pressure in the Middle Ear 5. Immunity The pharynx has three functions based on the cavities which lies adjacent to it. The nasopharynx is an extension of the nasal cavities and directs air downwards during inhalation and upwards during exhalation. The oropharynx extends from the back of the mouth and carries ingested food and drinks from the mouth into the esophagus. The laryngopharynx lies just behind the larynx (voice box) and is the lowermost part of the pharynx. It serves as a common passage for both food (into the esophagus) and air (into the larynx). Location of the Tonsils ?The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the mucous membrane lining the roof and posterior wall (back wall) of the nasopharynx. It is commonly referred to as the ‘adenoids‘ when inflamed. ?The tubal tonsil is located in the submucosa of the nasopharynx near the opening of the eustachian tube. ?The palantine tonsils lie on either side of the oropharynx in between the palantine arches. ?The lingual tonsils are located at the back of the tongue. The tonsils form a ring on lymphoid tissue which is referred to as the pharyngeal lymphatic ring (tonsillar ring or Waldeyer’s ring). Mouth and Throat Disorders Epiglottitis Laryngitis Laryngoceles Retropharyngeal Abscess Salivary Gland Disorders Submandibular Space Infection Tonsillar Cellulitis and Tonsillar Abscess Tonsillopharyngitis Vocal Cord Polyps, Nodules, and Granulomas Vocal Cord Contact Ulcers Vocal Cord Paralysis Common Conditions Involving Pharynx Itchy throat Sore throat Difficulty swallowing – dysphagia Swollen Uvula Aerophagia Enlarged tonsils or inflamed tonsils Tonsil Stones Enlarged adenoids Postnasal drip Throat injuries Throat problems are common. You've probably had a sore throat. The cause is usually a viral infection, but other causes include allergies, infection with strep bacteria or the upward movement of stomach acids into the esophagus, called GERD. Tonsillitis - an infection in the tonsils Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx Croup - inflammation, usually in small children, which causes a barking cough Epiglottitis Laryngitis Throat Problems Diagnosis Cold and Flu Gastroenteritis, also called Stomach Flu Strep Throat or Mononucleosis/Acute pharyngitis/Pharyngitis - sore throat Bronchitis, Pneumonia or Post Nasal Drip Croup Epiglottitis Canker Sores Trench mouth Drug Reactions Oral thrush How is it diagnosed? Begin Here Symptoms Diagnosis Self care 1. Do you have a fever? No Go to Question 7.* Yes 2. Do you have body aches, headache, cough or runny nose? Yes You probably have a COLD or FLU. Drink plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest. Children should be given nonaspirin medicine for the fever. If the cold lasts longer than two to three days, see your doctor. No 3. Are you vomiting or do you have nausea or diarrhea? Yes You may have viral GASTROENTERITIS, also called STOMACH FLU. Drink plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest. Use an antinausea and/or antidiarrheal medicine . See your doctor if symptoms get worse, if they last longer than a week, or if you become dehydrated. No 4. When you look at the back of your throat, do you see white patches on your tonsils? Yes You may have STREP THROAT or MONONUCLEOSIS. See your doctor. No 5. Do you have a persistent cough or are you coughing mucus? Yes These symptoms may be from BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA or POST-NASAL DRIP. These illnesses need prescription treatments. See your doctor. No 6. Is the person a child with a harsh barking cough? Yes A dry barking cough often means CROUP or, less commonly, EPIGLOTTITIS. Make sure the child is drinking plenty of fluids. Relieve fever and other discomfort with children's acetaminophen. See your doctor right away if there is shortness of breath. Croup and other respiratory infections may need treatment by your doctor. - 7. Do you have small, open sores on your tongue, inside your lips or on the sides or back of your mouth? Yes These sores are called CANKER SORES. They usually occur by themselves or with other viral illnesses. Most of these sores will heal in 7 to 14 days. Use an anesthetic spray or an analgesic medicine. If the sores are severe, last longer than expected, or are accompanied by other symptoms, see your doctor. No 8. Is the skin in your mouth peeling, and are your tongue and gums swollen and red? Yes This may be from TRENCH MOUTH, an infection of the gums, teeth and other tissues. A rare drug reaction, STEVENS-JOHNSON REACTION, may also cause this. See your dentist or doctor. Poor dental hygiene may lead to this disease. Brush your teeth and floss as recommended by your dentist. Use over-the-counter pain medications to relieve discomfort. No 9. Do you have white patches and redness on your tongue or on the sides or back of your mouth? Yes You may have ORAL THRUSH, a yeast infection in your mouth. This may be a simple infection, or it may come from another, more serious illness. You may be able to control the infection by eating unsweetened yogurt (with live cultures) or taking acidophilus. This may help restore normal bacteria in your body. See your doctor if it returns or doesn't go away. Sore throat Why will a patient with a sore throat go to the medical emergency room? What should you know about prescriptions relevant to this treatment? Does this treatment recommendation need a physician’s prescription? What will a label of treatment recommendations prescription look like? What is a Sore Throat? What are the symptoms of a sore throat? What causes sore throats? What is tonsillitis? What is mononucleosis? What tests may be used to find the cause of my sore throat? What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by bacteria? What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by a virus? What about a sore throat that's caused by allergies? If I have tonsillitis, will I need a tonsillectomy? How can I avoid catching or passing a sore throat? Sore Throat | Questions to Ask Your Doctor What is strep throat? Can I prevent strep throat? What are the symptoms? What happens when I get strep throat? What increases my risk of getting strep throat? Who is affected by strep throat? Who can diagnose strep throat? How is strep throat diagnosed? Should I take antibiotics for a sore throat? What medicines will I need to take? What complications can develop? What can I do at home to relieve symptoms of strep throat? When should I call my doctor? Here are further guidelines. |
Human Anatomy
|
What human anatomy should one know relevant to this medical condition? Questions What is the use of the pharynx? What is the difference between the larynx and the pharynx? What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system? What makes up the larynx? Anterior to which vertebrae is the pharynx situated? What is the nasopharynx? What are the boundaries of the pharyngeal isthmus? What are adenoids? What is the pharyngeal hypophysis? Where are the openings of the auditory tube? What are the boundaries of the faucial isthmus? List the components of the pharyngeal lymphatic ring. Where is the tonsil? What is the piriform recess? Where does a pharyngeal diverticulum usually form? What is the motor innervation of the pharynx? How may the interior of the larynx be viewed in vivo? What is the vertebral level corresponding to the inferior extent of the larynx? Is the hyoid bone a part of the larynx? Are the arytenoid cartilages fixed or mobile? Where are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages? How may the larynx be entered in acute respiratory obstruction? Why have the vestibular folds been termed "false vocal cords"? Which is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity? What is the commonest cause of laryngeal spasm? Why does laryngeal edema not extend inferior to the glottis? What are the afferent fibers involved in the cough reflex? What are the results of injury (e.g., during thyroid surgery) to a recurrent laryngeal nerve? What is the Throat? The throat comprises of air and food passageways lying behind the nasal cavity and mouth and in the neck. It consists (from the top to the bottom) of the pharynx, epiglottis, larynx (voice box with vocal cords) and the upper part of the esophagus and trachea (Picture 1). 
Picture 1: Throat parts: pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, esophagus Parts of the Throat The pharynx is a muscular tube lying behind the nasal cavity and mouth, carrying air from the nose toward the larynx and food from the mouth toward the esophagus. Pharynx is what your doctor can see through your mouth during “checking your throat” The epiglottis is a muscular fold that covers the entrance of the larynx during swallowing, thus preventing food from entering the lungs. The larynx (voice box) is a tube made of muscles and cartilages and carrying air from the nose and throat toward the trachea. When your doctor checks your throat using a small mirror, he can see vocal cords within your larynx. From outside, larynx looks as a vertical tube in the front of your neck, being prominent in its upper part in men (Adam’s apple) and moving up and down during swallowing. The trachea (windpipe) is a tube made of muscles and cartilages, carrying air from the larynx to bronchi. The esophagus is a muscular tube carrying food from the pharynx toward the stomach. Parts of the esophagus and trachea lying behind the breastbone are not considered as parts of the throat. What is the use of the pharynx? The pharynx, or throat, is the passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx permits the passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus, or gullet, and conducts air to and from the trachea, or windpipe, during respiration. What is the difference between the larynx and the pharynx? The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the nasal cavity, posterior to the mouth and superior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization. What is the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system? In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting zone also includes the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.) What makes up the larynx? Figure 53-8 The structures in or near the anterior median line of the neck: (1) symphysis menti, (2) diaphragma oris (mylohyoid muscles) crossed by the digastric muscles, (3) hyoid bone, (4) median thyrohyoid ligament, (5) laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage (overlying the glottis), (6) cricothyroid ligament. Anterior to which vertebrae is the pharynx situated? The pharynx is situated anterior to cervical vertebra 1 to 6 (see fig. 53-1). Occasionally the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx are referred to as the epipharynx and hypopharynx, respectively. Similarly, the epitympanic recess and the tympanic cavity inferior to the level of the tympanic membrane are sometimes called the epitympanum and hypotympanum, respectively. What is the nasopharynx? 53-2 The nasopharynx is the superiormost part of the pharynx, but (at least in its anterior aspect) it may also be regarded as the posterior portion of the nasal cavity. What are the boundaries of the pharyngeal isthmus? The pharyngeal isthmus (between the nasopharynx and oropharynx) is bounded by the soft palate, palatopharyngeal arches, and posterior wall of the pharynx. What are adenoids? Adenoids (Gk, gland-like) are hypertrophied (naso)pharyngeal tonsils on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. They may cause respiratory obstruction. Their removal (adenoidectomy), which was first undertaken in 1868, is generally combined with tonsillectomy. What is the pharyngeal hypophysis? The pharyngeal hypophysis, situated on the posterior wall of the pharynx, develops at the pharyngeal end of the stalk of the craniopharyngeal pouch (Rathke, 1838). Like the sellar hypophysis, it is an endocrine gland (P. McGrath, J. Endocrinol., 42:205, 1968) and contains several types of secretory cells (C. B. Gonzalez, G. F. Valdes, and D. R. Ciocca, Acta Anat., 97:224, 1977). Where are the openings of the auditory tube? The so-called auditory tube, described by Eustachi (1563) but known even before the time of Christ, would be better named the pharyngotympanic tube. Its cartilaginous part is a diverticu1um of the pharynx that opens posterior to the inferior nasal concha (see fig. 53-4). The osseous part is a prolongation of the tympanic cavity opening from the anterior wall of the cavity. The tube is closed at rest but opens during swallowing and phonation, perhaps by a "milking" action of the levator and tensor (S. Seifand A. L. Dellon, Cleft Palate J., 15:329,1978; see also V. K. Misurya, Arch. Otolaryngol., 102: 265,1976). A detailed account of the tube is available in J. Terracol, A. Corone, and Y. Guerrier, La trompe d'Eustache,'Masson, Paris, 1949. What are the boundaries of the faucial isthmus? The faucial (or oropharyngeal) isthmus is bounded by the soft palate, palatoglossal arches, and tongue. List the components of the pharyngeal lymphatic ring. The pharyngeal lymphatic ring (Waldeyer, 1884) comprises the nasopharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils. It is presumed to be a protective collar against infections and organisms that might enter through the nose and mouth. Where is the tonsil? The (palatine) tonsils are located between diverging pillars on each side of the pharynx, namely the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. Tonsillectomy, an operation described by Celsus in the first century A.D., is now performed either by dissection or by a special instrument known as a guillotine. What is the piriform recess? The piriform recess (or sinus or fossa), in which foreign bodies may become lodged, is the part of the cavity of the laryngopharynx situated on each side of the inlet of the larynx (see fig. 53-3). Where does a pharyngeal diverticulum usually form? A pharyngeal diverticulum usually forms posteriorly through the fibers of the inferior constrictor (between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal fibers). Increased intrapharyngeal pressure is regarded as an important factor in the production of a "pulsion diverticulum" through a weak area ("Killian's dehiscence") between the parts of the inferior constrictor. Moreover, swallowing in the presence of cricopharyngeal incoordination may be important in allowing mucosal herniation through a weak area in the pharyngeal wall (W. S. Payne and A. M. Olsen, The Esophagus, Lea & Febiger, Philadelpha, 1974). Regurgitation and difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) may result, so that surgical excision may be indicated. Normally, a sphincteric zone is described immediately inferior to it, although also supplemented by, the inferior constrictor (C. Zaino et al., The Pharyngoesophageal Sphicter, Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1970). What is the motor innervation of the pharynx? The motor innervation of the pharynx is chiefly through the pharyngeal plexus, which is formed by the pharyngeal branches of cranial nerves X and IX. The vagus nerve provides most of the motor innervation. These motor fibers are derived from the accessory nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is mostly sensory. How may the interior of the larynx be viewed in vivo? The interior of the larynx may be viewed in vivo either indirectly through a laryngeal mirror or directly through a laryngoscope (see figs. 53-11C and D and 53-12). During the nineteenth century, the stethoscope, ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, gastroscope, cystoscope, rectoscope, and bronchoscope were invented, in that order. What is the vertebral level corresponding to the inferior extent of the larynx? The larynx ends opposite the C6 vertebra, where the pharynx and larynx become continuous with the esophagus and trachea, respectively. Is the hyoid bone a part of the larynx? The hyoid bone is generally not included as a part of the larynx. The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone, which is in turn suspended from the base of the skull. The styloid process, usually 30 mm in length, may be as long as 80 mm. The stylohyoid ligament, which connects it to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, may become partly or even completely calcified, or it may become a chain of ossicles (J. R. Chandler, Laryngoscope, 87:1692, 1977). Are the arytenoid cartilages fixed or mobile? 53-16 The arytenoid cartilages are extremely mobile. Arytenoid means shaped like a vase. Where are the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages? The corniculate cartilages (Santorini, 1724) are in the aryepiglottic folds and on the apices of the arytenoid cartilages, with which they form a posteriorward-projecting horn (or cornu; hence the name). The cuneiform cartilages (Wrisberg, 1786) are also in the aryepiglottic folds, immediately anterior to the corniculate. These cartilages form elevations that may be visible on laryngoscopy (see fig. 53-12). A small, unimportant nodule in the posterior border of the thyrohyoid membrane is known as the cartilago triticea (L., grain-like). How may the larynx be entered in acute respiratory obstruction? In acute respiratory obstruction, the infraglottic cavity may be entered through the cricothyroid ligament (cricothyrotomy). Why have the vestibular folds been termed "false vocal cords"? The vestibular folds are frequently referred to as "false vocal cords" because they do not produce voice sounds. Which is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity? The rima glottidis, i.e., the interval between the vocal folds, is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity. What is the commonest cause of laryngeal spasm? The presence of a foreign body is the commonest cause of laryngeal spasm. Why does laryngeal edema not extend inferior to the glottis? Mucosal swelling does not spread inferior to the glottis because the mucosa is closely adherent to the vocal folds. What are the afferent fibers involved in the cough reflex? Afferent vagal fibers from the larynx (superior laryngeal nerves), trachea, and bronchi reach the medulla. Then a deep inspiration is followed by closure of the vocal folds, forceful expiration, and sudden opening of the vocal folds. Foreign matter is usually removed by the rapidly moving air. What are the results of injury (e.g., during thyroid surgery) to a recurrent laryngeal nerve? Unilateral severance of a recurrent laryngeal nerve causes paralysis of the intrinsic muscles, except for the cricothyroid. However, the abductor (posterior cricoarytenoid) is usually affected first (Semon's rule), so that the involved vocal fold remains in the median plane, except when jostled by the normal fold (Chevalier Jackson). |
Treatment or management
Tonsillitis
|
What is tonsillitis? Tonsillitis is when the tonsils (at the back of your mouth on each side of your throat) become infected by bacteria or a virus. It causes the tonsils to swell and can cause a sore throat and other symptoms. Signs of strep throat and tonsillitis are often alike. What is mononucleosis? Mononucleosis (mono) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. One of the main signs of mono is a sore throat that may last for 1 to 4 weeks. Other symptoms include large swollen glands in your neck and armpits, fever, headache and feeling tired. What tests may be used to find the cause of my sore throat? Your doctor may do a rapid strep test, a throat culture or both. A rapid strep test will give results fast (usually within about 15 minutes). But the test won't tell if your sore throat is caused by a bacterium other than Streptococcus or if it's caused by a virus. A throat culture takes longer (between 24 and 48 hours) but it's more accurate. If your doctor thinks you may have mono, he or she will probably do a blood test. What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by bacteria? How to Treat a Sore Throat If your sore throat is caused by bacteria, your ________ doctor will probably prescribe an antibiotic. You will most likely begin to feel better in a few days, but it is very important to take all the antibiotics your doctor prescribes. This reduces the risk that your sore throat will return and also helps prevent antibiotic resistance. The treatment for a sore throat depends on the cause. However, you can treat many sore throats at home. Home treatment options include: •gargling with warm salt water •drinking plenty of warm fluids, such as teas, soup, and water •avoiding allergens and irritants, such as smoke and chemicals •taking throat lozenges •reducing inflammation with ibuprofen or acetaminophen Phenol spray Generic Name: phenol (FEE-nole) Brand Name: Chloraseptic Treating sore throat pain, sore mouth, pain associated with canker sores, and minor mouth irritation. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. Phenol spray is an oral anesthetic and analgesic combination. It works by numbing the painful or irritated areas. If a bacterial infection causes your sore throat, your doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics to kill the infectious organisms. You should take your medication for 10 days or as prescribed by your doctor to treat the bacterial infection. A sore throat may recur if you stop treatment early. If you have a viral infection, your doctor may want to let the virus run its course. During that time, he or she may prescribe medications, such as decongestants and pain relievers, to ease your symptoms. In some cases, your doctor may want to try an antiviral drug to fight the virus. Complications of a Sore Throat In the case of persistent bacterial throat infections, your doctor may recommend a tonsillectomy to surgically remove the tonsils. This is a last resort treatment that should only be considered when sore throats do not respond to antibiotics. What is the treatment for a sore throat caused by a virus? Antibiotics don't work against viruses. Infections caused by viruses usually just have to run their course. Most symptoms caused by a cold- or flu-type virus go away in a week to 10 days. Symptoms caused by mono can last for 4 weeks or more. If you have mono, your doctor will probably suggest that you get plenty of rest and that you not exercise too hard. What about a sore throat that's caused by allergies? If a sore throat is a symptom of hay fever or another allergy, your doctor can help you figure out how to avoid the things that trigger your allergies. You may also need to take medicine for your allergies. Easing the pain of a sore throat •Take acetaminophen (one brand name: Tylenol), ibuprofen (one brand name: Motrin), or naproxen (one brand name: Aleve) to relieve pain. Children should not take aspirin. Aspirin can cause a serious illness called Reye's syndrome when it is given to children younger than 18 years of age. •Gargle with warm salt water (1 teaspoon of salt per 1 cup [8 ounces] of water). •Suck on throat lozenges or hard candy. •Suck on flavored frozen desserts (such as Popsicles). •Use a humidifier in your bedroom or other rooms you spend lots of time in. •Drink lots of liquids. They help keep your throat lubricated and prevent dehydration. If I have tonsillitis, will I need a tonsillectomy? Tonsillectomy is a surgery that removes the tonsils. Most people who have tonsillitis don't need a tonsillectomy. You might need a tonsillectomy if you get severe tonsillitis often or if your tonsils are too large and cause problems with your breathing. Your doctor can tell you if a tonsillectomy is needed. How can I avoid catching or passing a sore throat? How to Prevent a Sore Throat The best ways to avoid catching or passing the viruses and bacteria that can lead to a sore throat are to wash your hands regularly, avoid touching your eyes or mouth and cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing. Many underlying causes of sore throats are infectious, and there are certain steps you can help you prevent future infection. Repeatedly washing your hands throughout the day kills germs and bacteria that can cause viral and bacterial infections. Additional steps that you can take to prevent a sore throat include: •Do not share drinking glasses or utensils with others. •Use hand sanitizers whenever soap and water are not available. •Limit contact with commonly touched surfaces. •Reduce exposure to allergens, such as pollen, dust, and mold. •Avoid cigarette smoke. •Keep a humidifier in your house to eliminate dryness. Sore Throat | Questions to Ask Your Doctor When should I go to the doctor with a sore throat? What is causing my sore throat? Is there anything I can do to make myself more comfortable? I have a fever and a sore throat. Could I have strep throat? Are cold mist humidifiers better for me than warm mist humidifiers? How long will it take before I know what is causing my sore throat? Should I go to work if I have a sore throat? What is strep throat? Strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria called streptococcus. The pain of strep throat often feels much like sore throats caused by other bacteria or by viruses. What's important and different about strep throat is that if it isn't treated it can sometimes result in kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can lead to a rash, inflamed joints and, in severe cases, damage to the valves of the heart. What causes it? Strep throat is caused by streptococcal (strep) bacteria, most often by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABS). Other types of strep that can sometimes infect the throat are groups C and G strep bacteria. A strep infection causes the throat (pharynx) and the tonsils or adenoids to become irritated, inflamed, and painful. How is strep throat treated? Antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cephalexin, or penicillin are used to treat strep throat. Antibiotics work only against bacterial infections such as strep throat. They will not help sore throats caused by allergies or viral infections such as colds. Antibiotics are commonly used to: •Kill the bacteria and shorten the time you are contagious. You are typically no longer contagious 24 hours after you start antibiotics. •Prevent rare complications. Although uncommon, strep bacteria can spread to other parts of your body, causing ear or sinus infections or an abscess behind or around the tonsils (peritonsillar abscess). Antibiotics may also prevent the infection from triggering your immune system to attack itself and cause serious conditions such as rheumatic fever. •Relieve discomfort and speed healing to some degree. Antibiotic treatment can begin immediately if a strep infection is confirmed by a rapid strep test. But there is no harm in waiting for the results of a throat culture to confirm strep throat before starting antibiotic treatment. In fact, it is better to wait until strep throat has been confirmed so that antibiotics are not used unnecessarily. Overuse of antibiotics can make them ineffective. Although waiting to treat strep throat may prolong the time you have the illness, delaying treatment for a few days doesn't increase the risk of rheumatic fever or other complications.1 Your doctor also may recommend nonprescription medicines such as acetaminophen or anesthetic throat sprays to help relieve the pain and discomfort caused by strep throat. Acetaminophen will also reduce fever. |
|
Congestion, Sore Throat & Cough Assured Mucus Relief Expectorant Tablets, 15 ct. 
Product Details Helps loosen phlegm to make coughs more productive! Immediate acting mucus relief tablets contain 400 mg of Guaifenesin to relieve chest congestion and rid the bronchial passageway of bothersome mucus. |
Assured Multi-Symptom Day & Night Cold Formula, 12-ct. Verify you are at least 18 years of age. Product Details Relieve all your symptoms from colds in the day or nighttime with multi-symptom cold formula cool caplets! Nighttime formula has 325mg acetaminophen (pain reliever/fever reducer), 2mg chlorpheniramine maleate (antihistamine), 10mg dextromethorphan HBr (cough suppressant), and 5mg phenylephrine HCI (nasal decongestant) per caplet. Non-drowsy daytime formula has 325mg acetaminophen (pain reliever/fever reducer), 10mg dextromethorphan HBr (cough suppressant), and 5mg phenylephrine HCI (nasal decongestant) per caplet. Case includes 24 – 12-ct. boxes of Assured™ Multi-symptom Day & Night Cold Formula (6 daytime cool caplets, 6 nighttime cool caplets per box). Advil® PM What are the active ingredients in Advil® PM caplets? Each Advil® PM caplet contains 200 mg of ibuprofen and 38 mg of diphenhydramine citrate, a gentle sleep aid. The ibuprofen relieves pain, while the diphenhydramine helps you get a full night’s sleep. The combination of these ingredients not only reduces your pain, it shortens the time it takes to fall asleep and increases the duration of your sleep. The result: a better night's sleep. https://pm.advil.com/faqs/search?search_api_views_fulltext=Ingredients&=Go Theraflu https://www.theraflu.com/products/ |
Throat Injuries
|
The throat represents the internal and external body parts that descend from the tonsils down to the opening of trachea. It can be injured internally through swallowing something too big or sharp; it can also be injured externally, such as by a blow to the throat or a strangulation injury that damages the throat.
What is a Throat Injury? A throat injury can be due to penetrating trauma to the throat or to a blunt trauma to the throat. Any throat injury that results in a break in the skin can do extensive damage because there are major arteries and veins that pass through the throat and can cause serious bleeding. A wound to the throat should be looked at carefully to see how deep it is so you can determine if there are any major vessels involved. Blunt trauma to the throat can cause injury to the trachea, esophagus, spine or even the brain stem. If the person has had a severe blunt trauma to the throat, they should be asked the same questions as a person who may have had a concussion because there may actually be a brain injury with throat trauma. Throat injury can damage the trachea and can cause difficulty breathing, swallowing or hoarseness of the throat. If the vocal cords are damaged, speaking will be difficult and there can be a hoarse throat or a complete lack of ability to speak if the vocal cords are more than just bruised. Blunt trauma to the throat can affect the cervical spine. If there is any pain on moving the neck, the patient shouldn’t be moved until the cervical spine is cleared by x-ray. You may have to immobilize the neck until the clearing x-rays can be done. Because of the number of important organs (the thyroid, vocal cords), blood vessels (carotid artery, jugular vein), and nerves (the spinal nerves of the cervical spine) involved in the throat, any kind of blunt or penetrating trauma can do a great deal of damage, even with a seemingly minor injury. What are the Causes of a Throat Injury? As mentioned, throat injuries can be blunt trauma injuries or penetrating trauma injuries, such as a gunshot wound. They are complicated by the fact that many delicate and important structures reside in the small space of the throat so that damage to some aspect of the throat is likely. Causes of throat injury can include: •Automobile injuries, being struck by a blunt object or being cut by metal or glass. •Sports-related injuries, such as being struck by another player’s extremities or helmet. •Altercations, like being punched in the throat or kicked in the throat. •Accidental falls, such as landing on a sharp or blunt object. •Gunshot wounds, which can easily be fatal •Knife wounds, which usually strike a vital part of the throat The throat has no particular bony cage or protection so it is open to trauma in many different ways. Symptoms of a Throat Injury Some of the symptoms are the same as with any soft tissue trauma. Others are specific to the throat and the structures of the throat. There is the thyroid gland, major blood vessels and nerves, the trachea, the esophagus and the cervical spine to think about •There can be signs and symptoms of a traumatic brain injury if the brainstem is affected. •There can be shortness of breath and air escaping from a penetrating wound if the dome of the lungs is injured. •There can be severe shortness of breath if the trachea has swollen or been penetrated and is bleeding. Air cannot get through to the lungs and the person begins to suffocate. •There can be coughing up of blood in about 25 percent of cases. •There can be severe bleeding that can exsanguinate the individual if the carotid artery or jugular veins are severed. •The patient can have dysphonia due to damage to the vocal cords, either from blunt or penetrating trauma. •Rapid breathing is a common phenomenon. •In certain cases, there can be subcutaneous air, in which air from the lungs is dissected into the subcutaneous tissue. This feels like crackles under the skin. This can be seen in up to 85 percent of injuries to the tracheal area. •Stridor, a pattern of noisy breathing, can be heard when the patient breathes and has had trauma to the upper airway. •Coughing may be present if the trachea has been damaged. •There may be a positive Hamman’s sign, which is crackling under the skin associated in time with the heartbeat. In total, the symptoms can be any of the following: •Difficulty swallowing •Hoarseness •Stridor •A sensation of fullness in the throat •Spitting up blood •Subcutaneous air •Visible throat swelling •Loss of normal landmarks because of swelling •Bleeding in the mouth or externally •Labored breathing Risk Factors for Throat Injury More men than women are injured in a throat injury, in part because they engage in high risk behaviors. Many high risk behaviors include driving too fast, driving recklessly, engaging in high risk sports such as boxing and football, and being prone to altercations with people who might strike them with their fists, their feet or their weapon. People who practice martial arts are at higher risk of sustaining a throat injury. Diagnosing a Throat Injury The diagnosis of a throat injury depends on a careful knowledge of the anatomy of the area of the throat. In such cases, the ABCs of diagnosis and first aid are followed. Is the patient’s airway patent? Is there stridor or a hoarse voice? Is there visible swelling in the area of the trachea? Is the patient pink or are they cyanotic? In such cases of evidence of respiratory distress, one can assume that there has been swelling, dislocation or bleeding of the trachea or other aspect of the airway. If there is bleeding from a laceration or puncture wound, the doctor must make a determination of which major vessels, if any, are involved. If the patient is stable, an angiogram to assess the carotid artery and jugular veins integrity. An unstable patient will be assumed to have a major vessel injury and will be treated immediately with surgical intervention. The cervical spine should be immobilized if there is any chance of cervical pain. When in the emergency department, a lateral cervical spine x-ray should be done in order to rule out a major cervical injury. Following that, the c-spine can be removed from immobilization and a complete cervical spine series should be performed. Orthopedics can be involved if there is positive evidence of a cervical spine bony injury. If the voice is hoarse, a tube with a camera (a laryngoscope) can be dropped into the oral cavity and the vocal cords can be visualized to see if the cords are fractured, dislocated or perhaps just swollen from direct trauma. If there is the possibility of a hematoma or other structural problem that cannot be assessed from the outside evaluation, a CT examination or MRI exam need to be done to see the internal structures of the head and neck. This could help the surgical procedures done on the patient and can assess things like the patency of the trachea, the integrity of the esophagus and the structure of the thyroid gland. Treatment of a Throat Injury There is first aid treatment for a throat injury and definitive treatment at an emergency room or hospital. Treatment required on the spot. •Contact 911 as these situations can go badly quite quickly. •Keep the person sitting but semi-upright to keep blood flow to a minimum in the area. •Tilt the head back. This will open the airway. •If the victim stops breathing, do rescue breathing. •Apply direct pressure to any bleeding areas. •Check the person’s breathing periodically. •Put ice on the sides of the neck. This will reduce the swelling. •Immobilize the neck. •If there are signs of shock, elevate the legs and keep the patient warm. •If the victim vomits, roll him to one side and sweep the vomit out of his mouth so the airway won’t be compromised. •Monitor the patient’s status continuously until help arrives. When the patient arrives at the emergency room, they will need an IV to stabilize the blood pressure. Assessment and management of the area can involve intubation or possibly a cricothyrotomy, which is a hole placed in the neck to create an airway when the airway above it has occluded. When the breathing is adequate, the doctor turns to the bleeding. Ice is applied to quell internal bleeding and direct pressure is applied to the bleeding wound until it can be evaluated and treated, possibly in the operating room. Hematomas are evacuated in the emergency room and things like the vocal cords can be repaired by an ENT surgeon. If there is a cervical bony injury, the cervical spine needs to be immobilized, possibly with surgery to fuse the injured bony fragments. This would involve care by the orthopedic surgeon. If the thyroid gland is damaged, as much of the gland should be spared as possible during surgery in the hope that the victim does not come down with post-injury hypothyroidism. Complications of Throat Injuries If the injury is minor and the medical care appropriate, the patient can suffer no ill effects from the traumatic injury. Complications can include: •Paralysis from a cervical spine fracture •Permanent damage to the vocal cords with resultant dysphonia •Brain injury from extended shock. This would happen if there was injury to the carotid arteries or jugular veins •Stroke from injury to the carotid arteries •Hypothyroidism from permanent damage to the thyroid gland •Tracheal abnormalities The throat is an extremely vulnerable place to be injured and many of the injuries, if not treated promptly and correctly, can lead to life-threatening sequelae and permanent injury. Unfortunately most of these injuries happen in young people who have many potentially good years ahead of them. 1.What are the symptoms of a throat injury? 2.What are the causes of a throat injury? 3.What are the risk factors of a throat injury? 4.Diagnosing a throat injury 5.What is the treatment of a throat injury? 6.What are the complications of a throat injury? Symptoms of an injured throat Hoarseness or loss of voice Breathing difficulties Inflammation Bleeding Deformities around the neck area Difficult swallowing Management of throat injuries 1.Once an individual is badly injured in the throat area, you will know because he/she holds on to the throat similar to choking. It is important to attend to the individual immediately. 2.Instruct bystanders to clear the area where the individual is and request someone to call for emergency assistance while you perform the initial first aid treatment. 3.Lay the individual carefully in a comfortable position. It must be in supine position and slightly angled to the left side. 4.Tilt the head back in a gentle manner in order to open up the airway. 5.If the individual stops breathing, you can start to perform rescue breathing. 6.In case there is external bleeding present, you have to apply direct pressure on the area to control the bleeding as well as prevent it from blocking the airway. 7.The breathing of the individual must be observed by monitoring the breaths per minute. 8.Reduce the swelling by applying ice on the sides of the neck. 9.Make sure that the affected area must be immobilized since it might be linked with a neck injury. 10.If there is excessive loss of blood and signs of shock are present, you have to elevate the legs of the individual and keep him/her warm. 11.Once the individual vomits, roll him/her on one side and sweep the vomit from his/her mouth so that there are no obstructions on the airway that can impede the breathing. Always remember not to provide an individual with an injured throat with anything to drink. By allowing him/her to swallow something, it will only block the airway passage and cause more damage. 12.Continue to monitor the condition of the individual until the medical team arrives and takes over Treating throat injuries Fractured Larynx What is a fractured larynx? Fractured Larynx is a medical condition in which there is a fracture of the voice box. This condition usually arises due to high impact automobile accidents or a direct trauma to the throat during sporting activities like boxing or wrestling. In children, this may be caused due to a fall. Management of cut-throat injuries Here are further guidelines. |