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| Anesthesia |
| Inside operating room |
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Is there a difference between operating room equipment and surgical instruments? Yes, there is. What are examples of operating room equipments? What are examples of surgical instruments? |
| Operating Room Equipment |
| Operating room management |
| Operating Room Skills |
| Operating Room Skills Checklist |
| Patients |
| Surgical instruments |
| Surgical Documentation |
| Surgery |
| Surgical Skills |
| Surgery |
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What is emergency surgery? How should emergency surgeries be classified? What cases need emergency surgery? What cases need an emergency operating room (OR)? What cases need elective surgery? What cases need an elective operating room (OR)? What are examples of emergency surgeries? Is there a difference between operating room equipment and surgical instruments? What are examples of operating room equipments? What are examples of surgical instruments? |
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What is emergency surgery? Surgical emergency is a medical emergency which requires immediate surgical intervention (the only way to solve the problem successfully). How should emergency surgeries be classified? Extremely urgent emergency surgery
Urgent emergency surgeries Appendectomy Setting of a broken bone that needs internal setting What cases need emergency surgery? What cases need an emergency operating room (OR)? The following conditions are surgical emergencies: Acute trauma Amputation Acute appendicitis(Is acute appendicitis a surgical emergency? Urgent appendectomy has become the basis of management for acute appendicitis because of the disparity in morbidity and mortality rates between perforated and nonperforated appendicitis.) Abscesses Aortic dissection Acute subdural hematoma Acute airway obstruction Acute mesenteric ischemia Bleeding ectopic pregnancy Bowel obstruction Cardiac tamponade Cholecystitis (gallbladder infection) Diverticulitis Gastrointestinal perforation Incarcerated hernia Intestinal blockage/obstruction Intestinal volvulus Internal bleeding Limb ischemia Neuroendocrine tumors causing acute homeostatic imbalance unresponsive to medication (often due to decompensation) Pneumothorax Paraphimosis Peritonitis Ruptured intestine Ruptured aortic aneurysm Retinal detachment Retained abortion Spleen Removal Stercoral perforation Thrombosed hemorrhoids Testicular torsion Urinary retention (not respond to other medical treatment) |
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Emergency Operating Room Proposed operation _______________________________ Urgency of case (choose) Immediate (e.g. haemorrhage or laparotomy for septic shock) Emergency (e.g. laparotomy for patient with organ dysfunction, tender obstruction, peritonitis) Urgent (e.g patient with sepsis not as severe as above such as mild appendicitis) Scheduled (e.g. non-elective but non-critically ill patient with obstruction, perianal abscess without systemic sepsis, diagnostic laparoscopy) Delay from time of booking (in hours) _______________________________ Time of day (choose) _______________________________ Cause of delay _______________________________ OPERATING ROOM ORIENTATION MANUAL Goals & Objectives After 30 minutes of orientation, the JMS should be able to: Discuss the principles of aseptic technique Demonstrate surgical scrub, gowning, and gloving Identify hazards in the surgical setting Identify the role of the scrub person, circulating nurse, and medical student Discuss ways the JMS can participate in the care of the patient and thereby become an active, useful member of the surgical team Lockers Lockers are available for your use during the hours between 0700-1800 while you are in the operating room. You must bring your own lock. Locks must be removed by 1800. Any locks not removed between 1800-0700 are subject to being cut and contents removed for later disposition. Surgical Operating Suites DRESS CODE - SURGICAL ATTIRE All persons who enter the semirestricted and restricted areas of the surgical suite should be in hospital laundered surgical attire intended for use only within the surgical suite at UTMB. All possible head and facial hair, including sideburns and neckline, should be covered when in the surgical suite. All persons entering an operating room or centerwell area should wear a mask. All personnel entering the suite should have all jewelry confined or removed. Watches and plain wedding bands are acceptable. Earrings must be covered by the scrub cap. Nail polish and artificial nails should not be worn within the suite. Protective barriers (gloves, masks, protective eyewear, and face shields) are provided by the hospital and should be utilized to reduce the risk of exposure to potentially infective agents. Shoes should be dedicated to the OR and shoe covers are not required. If shoe covers are necessary, the wearer should remove them before leaving the operating room to avoid tracking blood and debris through the department. SURGICAL HAND SCRUB A five (5) minute anatomical timed scrub will be used for all surgical hand scrubs. Fingernails must be free of polish/enamel and of medium length. No jewelry is permitted on the hands and arms while performing as a member of the surgical team. **Remember to put your mask on prior to starting you scrub.** Wash hands and arms with solution to 2 inches above the elbow. Clean fingernails with file. Take sterile brush in right hand. Wet brush with water and soap. Scrub fingernails of left hand. Start scrubbing fingers of left hand, one at a time, treating each finger as four-sided; palm, knuckles, and back of hand. Repeat with right hand. Scrub right wrist and continue up arm to 2 inches above elbow. Repeat with left arm. Discard brush. Rinse both hands and arms under running water keeping hands above level of elbow so that water runs off the elbows and not the hands. Gloving Procedure - Open Avoid contact of sterile gloves with ungloved hands during closed-glove procedure. For closed-glove method, never let the fingers extend beyond the stockinette cuff during the procedure. Contact with ungloved fingers constitutes contamination of the glove. For open-glove method, touch only the cuff of the glove with ungloved hand, and then only glove to glove for other hand. If contamination occurs during either procedure, both gown and gloves must be discarded and new gown and gloves must be added. When removing gloves after a procedure is finished, the gloves are removed after the gown is removed inside out, using glove-to-glove, then skin-to-skin technique. Gloving Procedure - Closed Points to Remember about Aseptic Technique Adherence to the Principles of Aseptic Technique Reflects One's Surgical Conscience. 1. The patient is the center of the sterile field. 2. Only sterile items are used within the sterile field. A. Examples of items used. B. How do we know they are sterile? (Wrapping, label, storage) 3. Sterile persons are gowned and gloved. A. Keep hands at waist level and in sight at all times. B. Keep hands away from the face. C. Never fold hands under arms. D. Gowns are considered sterile in front from chest to level of sterile field, and the sleeves from above the elbow to cuffs. Gloves are sterile. E. Sit only if sitting for entire procedure. 4. Tables are sterile only at table level. A. Anything over the edge is considered unsterile, such as a suture or the table drape. B. Use non-perforating device to secure tubing and cords to prevent them from sliding to the floor. 5. Sterile persons touch only sterile items or areas; unsterile persons touch only unsterile items or areas. A. Sterile team members maintain contact with sterile field by wearing gloves and gowns. B. Supplies are brought to sterile team members by the circulator, who opens wrappers on sterile packages. The circulator ensures a sterile transfer to the sterile field. Only sterile items touch sterile surfaces. 6. Unsterile persons avoid reaching over sterile field; sterile persons avoid leaning over unsterile area. A. Scrub person sets basins to be filled at edge of table to fill them. B. Circulator pours with lip only over basin edge. C. Scrub person drapes an unsterile table toward self first to avoid leaning over an unsterile area. Cuff drapes over gloved hands. D. Scrub person stands back from the unsterile table when draping it to avoid leaning over an unsterile area. 7. Edges of anything that encloses sterile contents are considered unsterile. A. When opening sterile packages, open away from you first. Secure flaps so they do not dangle. B. The wrapper is considered sterile to within one inch of the wrapper. C. In peel-open packages, the edges where glued, are not considered sterile. 8. Sterile field is created as close as possible to time of use. A. Covering sterile tables is not recommended. 9. Sterile areas are continuously kept in view. A. Sterility cannot be ensured without direct observation. An unguarded sterile field should be considered contaminated. 10. Sterile persons keep well within sterile area. A. Sterile persons pass each other back to back or front to front. B. Sterile person faces a sterile area to pass it. C. Sterile persons stay within the sterile field. They do not walk around or go outside the room. D. Movement is kept to a minimum to avoid contamination of sterile items or persons. 11. Unsterile persons avoid sterile areas. A. Unsterile persons maintain a distance of at least 1 foot from the sterile field. B. Unsterile persons face and observe a sterile area when passing it to be sure they do not touch it. C. Unsterile persons never walk between two sterile fields. D. Circulator restricts to a minimum all activity near the sterile field. 12. Destruction of integrity of microbial barriers results in contamination. A. Strike through is the soaking through of barrier from sterile to non-sterile or vice versa. B. Sterility is event related. 13. Microorganisms must be kept to irreducible minimum. A. Perfect asepsis is an idea. All microorganisms cannot be eliminated. Skin cannot be sterilized. Air is contaminated by droplets. HAZARDS IN THE SURGICAL SUITE Electrical Cautery Units, Defibrillators, OR Beds, numerous pieces of equipment All equipment must be checked for electrical safety before use!! Anesthetic Waste Radiation Leaded aprons and shields available for use during procedures. Laser Safety Protective eyewear for patient and operating team. Doors remain closed with sign - "Danger, Laser in Use." Sterile water available in the room and on sterile field. Smoke evacuation system is to be employed when applicable. Surgery high filtration masks should be worn during procedures that produce a plume. General Safety Apply good body mechanics at all times when transferring patients. Operating room beds and gurneys will be locked before patient transfer. Operating safety belts will be used for all patients. Never disconnect or connect electrical equipment with wet or moist hands. Discard all needles, razors, scalpel blades and broken glass into special identified containers. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS SUMMARY Precautions should be followed to reduce the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Each healthcare worker should assess their possible risks and take precautions to reduce these risks. Universal Precautions are designed to protect healthcare workers from occupational exposure and should be followed when potential for exposure might occur. Universal blood and/or body fluid precautions should be consistently used for ALL patients. Fundamental to the concept of Universal Precautions is treating all blood and/or body fluids as if they were infected with bloodborne pathogens and taking appropriate protective measures, including the following: 1) Gloves should be worn for touching blood and/or body fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or items/surfaces soiled with blood and/or body fluids. Gloves should be changed after contact with each patient and hands washed after glove removal. Though gloves reduce the incidence of contamination, they cannot prevent penetrating injuries from needles and other sharp instruments. 2) Gowns or aprons should be worn during procedures that are likely to generate splashes of blood and/or body fluids onto clothing or exposed skin. 3) Masks and protective eyewear should be worn during procedures that are likely to generate droplets of blood and/or body fluids into the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes. 4) Needles and sharps should be placed directly into a puncture-resistant leakproof container which should be as close as possible to the point of use. Needles should not be recapped, bent, broken, or manipulated by hand. 5) Hands and skin surfaces should be washed after contact with blood and/or body fluids, after removing gloves, and between patient contact. 6) Gloves should be worn to cleanup blood spills. Blood spills should be wiped up and then an EPA registered tuberculocidal disinfectant applied to the area. The disinfectant should have a one minute contact time and the area rinsed with tap water. If glass is involved, wear double gloves or heavy gloves. Pick up the glass with broom and dust pan, tongs, or a mechanical device. 7) Healthcare workers with exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis should not perform direct patient care until the condition resolves. 8) Disposable resuscitation devices should be used in an emergency. 9) Occupational Exposures: Definition - Puncture wounds - Needlesticks/Cuts - Splashes into the eyes, mouth, or nose - Contamination of an open wound 10) Occupational Exposures: - Wash the area immediately with soap and water - If splashed in the eyes mouth or nose have them properly flooded or irrigated with water - Notify supervisor as soon as possible - Call Employee Health Center at (409) 772-5582 for information regarding blood and/or body fluid exposure management SAMPLE EVALUATION FORM COMPARATIVE DIVISION OF DUTIES Scrub Nurse/Technician A. Preoperative Checks the card file for surgeon's special needs/requests. Opens sterile supplies. Scrubs, gowns, and gloves and sets up sterile field. Obtains instruments from flash autoclave if necessary. Checks for proper functioning of instruments/equipment. Performs counts with circulator. B. Preincisional Completes the final preparation of sterile field. Assists surgeon with gowning/gloving. Assists surgeon with draping and passes off suction/cautery lines. C. During the Procedure Maintains orderly sterile field. Anticipates the surgeon's needs (supplies/ equipment). Maintains internal count of sponges, needles and instruments. Verifies tissue specimen with surgeon, and passes off to circulator. D. Closing Phase Counts with circulator at proper intervals. Organizes closing suture and dressings. Begins clean-up of used instruments. Applies sterile dressings. Prepares for terminal cleaning of instruments and nondisposable supplies. Reports to charge nurse for next assignment. Circulating Nurse A. Preoperative Assists in assembling needed supplies. Opens sterile supplies. Assists scrub in gowning. Performs and records counts. Admits patient to surgical suite. B. Preincisional Transports patient to procedure room. Assists with the positioning of the patient. Assists anesthesia during induction. Performs skin prep. Assists with drapes; connects suction and cautery. C. During the Procedure Maintains orderly procedure room. Anticipates needs of surgical team. Maintains record of supplies added. Receives specimen and labels it correctly. Maintains charges and O.R. records. Continually monitors aseptic technique and patients needs. D. Closing Phase Counts with scrub at proper intervals. Finalizes records and charges. Begins clean-up of procedure room. Applies tape. Assists anesthesia in preparing patient for transfer to PACU. Takes patient to PACU with anesthesia and reports significant information to PACU nurse. Disposes of specimen and records. Reports to charge nurse for next assignment. Medical Student A. Preoperative * Introduce self to nursing personnel. ** If "scrubbing in" on case, informs scrub person of glove and gown size. B. Preincisional * Assists with transfer of patient to OR bed. * Brings patient a warm blanket. * Performs patient catheterization if necessary. * Performs skin prep. ** If "scrubbing in" on case, begin scrub early. ** If "scrubbing in" on case, assists surgeon and/or scrub person with draping when appropriate. C. During the Procedure * Answers physician pagers. * Runs specimen to lab, when appropriate. D. Closing Phase * Assists with undraping of patient. * Assists in preparing patient for transfer to PACU: - Brings patient a warm blanket. - Brings patient bed/stretcher into room. - Assists with transfer of patient from OR bed to stretcher/bed. |