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Trauma
Trauma Management
Diagnose and treat on the spot. The patient will die if you delay treatment.

What is on the list of vascular trauma incident reports? Answer How do you proceed on the spot in an acute trauma case, including medical emergency room assessment and management while on duty? Answer What should be your first question in case a patient is referred to you? Answer How do you proceed if a person is in a coma? Answer What problems, complaints, incidents, and issues need on-the-spot diagnosis and treatment? Answer What injuries has the patient experienced? Answer What are the types of trauma? Answer What is Venipuncture? Answer How to Start an IV? Answer What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Answer Who all can be on duty in this situation? Answer Does this patient need trauma surgery? Answer What is the description of the injury? Answer How can you further describe the injury? Answer Can you include in the record a further description of the injury? Answer What type of trauma is this? Answer What type of trauma surgery is required? Answer When is Trauma Surgery Required? What best describes the situation? Answer How do you manage an open fracture due to trauma? Answer How do you manage a fracture and dislocation due to trauma? Answer How do you manage a thoracic and lumbar spine fracture due to trauma? Answer How do you evaluate and treat a vascular injury due to trauma? Answer<

Trauma
Trauma Management
Diagnose and treat on the spot. The patient will die if you delay treatment.

What is on the list of vascular trauma incident reports? Case report 1992 Srinagar. A 22-year-old person received a gunshot injury in Srinagar in 1992. The patient was conscious and oriented to time, space, and person. The patient was sweating had a rapid pulse of more than 110 beats per minute. Blood pressure dropped to less than 90 systolic. The gunshot wound was in the abdomen. Normal saline was immediately administered to help the patient maintain blood pressure. Blood pressure has to be maintained in this situation. The patient was transferred to an operating room, where a laparotomy was done. The bleeding due to gunshot wound in his abdomen was stopped. The patient survived. Dr. Asif Qureshi managed this case in 1992. At this point (August 11, 2023), Dr. Asif Qureshi can guide 19 specific types of physicians in addition to other professionals, including teachers, lawyers, engineers, and executive administrators. See his profile here. How do you proceed on the spot in an acute trauma case, including medical emergency room assessment and management while on duty? 1. Primary patient survey in a trauma, known as the primary survey (15 seconds) What should be your first question in case a patient is referred to you? Questions that must be answered. Where is the patient now? How old is the patient? What is the gender of the patient? Who is reporting this emergency? What seems to be the complaint? What seems to be the problem? Glasgow Coma scale analysis. First, analyze Glasgow Coma scale, then analyze vital signs including consciousness. When was the patient normal? Can the patient open both eyes spontaneously? Can the patient talk or make noise relevant to age? Can the patient walk or move extremities relevant to age? If yes, Glasgow Coma scale is 15. Glasgow Coma scale of 15 means the patient is not in a coma. The patient can have less serious medical issues. Go ahead with vital signs, including consciousness. How do you proceed if a person is in a coma? Find the cause of the coma. Treat the underlying cause. Identify the causes of the coma and fix the underlying causes. Here are further guidelines. http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/coma.html Glasgow Coma scale of 15 means the patient is not in a coma. The patient can have less serious medical issues. https://www.qureshiuniversity.com/assessment.html A: Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection B: Breathing and ventilation C: Circulation with hemorrhage control D: Disability/Neurologic assessment E: Exposure and environmental control Here are further guidelines: Once the primary survey is completed, resuscitation efforts are well established, and the vital signs are normalizing, then the secondary survey can begin. 2. Secondary patient survey in a trauma: head-to-toe examination Secondary survey (45 seconds) What injuries has the patient experienced? Use the mnemonic ABCDEFGHV for the secondary patient survey during a trauma. A: Avulsion, abrasions (in rare situations, amputation; be careful when using a bandsaw or similar machine saws) B: Burns, blunt trauma C: Cut or open wound, contusion D: Discomfort or tenderness, deformities relevant to the current diagnosis, an acute fracture that has deformed limb alignment E: Eruption, laceration, or incisional wound F: Fullness or swelling, fall G: Gunshot wound, graze wound (see images of types of wounds) H: Human bite, dog bite, specific animal bite V: Vehicular injury (specify) See types of trauma wounds. See wound closure techniques after trauma depending on the type of wound. What are the types of trauma? Physical trauma Penetrating trauma Blunt force trauma Psychological trauma If time permits, obtain an AMPLE history from family or bystanders: allergies, medications, past medical history, last oral intake, and events leading to the present Vitals: Pulses, BP, respirations, level of consciousness HEENT: Head, eyes, ears, nose, throat Palpate the head Check pupillary response. In the daylight, cover the patient's eyes and then uncover them. Ears: Drainage or Battle's sign? Nose: Trauma or drainage? Throat: Oral trauma? Neck: Is the trachea midline? JVD? Carotid pulses? Subcutaneous air? Chest: Any chest wall tenderness or paradoxical movement? Abdomen: Tenderness or guarding? Extremities: Deformities? Are pulse, movement, and sensation intact? 3. Tertiary patient survey in a trauma. What is a tertiary survey in a patient with trauma? Review of patient since the time of admission. To be completed within 24 hours of admission to floor or upon discharge from ICU. This survey consists of a structured and comprehensive re-examination that takes place within 24 hours after admission and includes a review of every diagnostic study performed. Ideally, it should be carried out by two people: one familiar with the patient, and one who is not. The examiners should have some experience with trauma. Studies on the effectiveness of tertiary surveys show missed injuries in up to 65% of all trauma patients. When exactly must a tertiary patient survey in a trauma be done? To be completed within 24 hours of admission to floor or upon discharge from ICU. This survey may replace the daily note. A reference from Hartford Hospital is enclosed. If you need your hospital name to be mentioned, email admin@qureshiuniversity.com with the name of your executive administrator. Who all can be on duty in this situation? 1. Medical emergency physician 2. Emergency medicine technician (EMT) 3. Police officer on duty in this area 4. Dr. Asif Qureshi as a program director guiding others via the internet What is ota.org? Orthopaedic Trauma Association 9400 W. Higgins Road, Suite 305 Rosemont, IL 60018-4975 https://ota.org/about-ota/contact#/+/0/score,date_na_dt/desc/ Does this patient need trauma surgery? What is the description of the injury? Traumatic fracture Traumatic joint dislocation Traumatic vascular injury Traumatic brain injury Injury as described How can you further describe the injury? Can you include in the record a further description of the injury? The answer to this question will determine further plans of action. Experience has shown that a traumatic vascular injury focuses on blood pressure. Maintain the blood pressure of the patient. If the blood pressure decreases due to a vascular injury, there is a bleeder inside. Maintain blood pressure with normal saline until the trauma-induced bleeder is stopped. Police can get this training. Take a look at this normal saline. Start an IV line. Start with 12 drops per minute and adjust according to blood pressure. Sometimes you may need to rush normal saline if blood pressure drops due to a vascular injury. What type of trauma is this? What type of trauma surgery is required? When is Trauma Surgery Required? What best describes the situation? 1. Open fractures due to trauma management 2. Fractures and dislocations due to trauma: managing musculoskeletal trauma 3. Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine 4. Evaluation and treatment of vascular injury or vascular trauma 5. Other, as described 6. The patient is diagnosed and treated on the spot by the medical emergency physician or in the medical emergency room. At this point, the patient is stable and normal, with no life-threatening injury that needs further treatment at this location. The patient can go home. Refer to the treatment of the patient. 1. Open fractures due to trauma management How do you manage an open fracture due to trauma? 2. Fractures and dislocations due to trauma: managing musculoskeletal trauma How do you manage a fracture and dislocation due to trauma? 3. Fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine How do you manage a thoracic and lumbar spine fracture due to trauma? 4. Evaluation and treatment of vascular trauma How do you evaluate and treat a vascular injury due to trauma? Here are further guidelines.

Trauma
Traumatic Injuries: Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications
Early Management of Severe Trauma

Audience of these training programs in the state and outside the state.

Case scenario

Early management of severe trauma guidelines.

Prevention of trauma

Questions that need to be answered.

Audience of these training programs in the state and outside the state.

Who are the audience for these training programs in the state and outside the state? Physician medical emergency room Physician surgeon medical emergency Physician medical emergency responder Paramedics Other advanced practitioners use ATLS Police officers, particularly police patrolling officers Others relevant to requirement Questions that need to be answered. What are other names for early management of severe trauma? How should you go ahead in an acute trauma case? What is included in primary survey of acute trauma patients? What is early management of severe trauma? Can the patient speak relevant to age? What do you do if the airway of the patient is obstructed due to trauma? What should you do next? What should you look for? What are examples of life threatening thoracic conditions? What are the causes of preventable deaths after trauma? How do you do a quick neurological assessment in trauma cases? What should you do if there is altered level of consciosuness? How should you cover the patient? What is included in a secondary survey? What is included in a tertiary survey of trauma cases? Has there been trauma in the past few minutes? Questions you need to answer What should people know about trauma? What should a medical doctor, nurse, paramedic, or counselor know about trauma? What should a police officer or military officer know about trauma? How should you evaluate a medical doctor regarding skills and knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of trauma? Early Management of Severe Trauma What are other names for early management of severe trauma? Advanced trauma life support. How should you go ahead in an acute trauma case? On the spot assessment and management. Primary survey. Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection Breathing and ventilation Circulation with hemorrhage control Disability/Neurologic assessment Exposure and environmental control Here are further guidelines When the primary survey is completed, resuscitation efforts are well established, and the vital signs are normalizing, the secondary survey can begin. Secondary survey. Tertiary survey. Primary survey. What is included in primary survey of acute trauma patients? What is early management of severe trauma? A simple mnemonic, ABCDE. Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection Can the patient speak relevant to age? If yes, the airway is likely to be clear. What do you do if the airway of the patient is obstructed due to trauma? The airway can be opened using a chin lift or jaw thrust. Airway adjuncts may be required. If the airway is blocked (e.g., by blood or vomit), the fluid must be cleaned out of the patient's mouth by the help of suctioning instruments. In case of obstruction, pass an endotracheal tube. Head tilt/Chin lift Chin lift The head-tilt/chin-lift is a procedure used to prevent the tongue obstructing the upper airways. The maneuver is performed by tilting the head backwards in unconscious patients, often by applying pressure to the forehead and the chin. The maneuver is used in any patient in whom cervical spine injury is not a concern and is taught on most _____ courses as the standard way of clearing an airway. If cervical spine injury is a concern and/or the patient is immobilized on a long spine board and/or with cervical collar; the jaw-thrust maneuver can be used instead. If the patient is in danger of aspirating; he or she should be placed in the recovery position or advance airway management should be used. Jaw-thrust maneuver The jaw-thrust maneuver is a procedure used to prevent the tongue obstructing the upper airways. The jaw thrust maneuver is a technique used on patients with a suspected spinal injury and is used on a supine patient. The maneuver is performed by placing the index and middle fingers to physically push the posterior aspects of the mandible upwards while their thumbs push down on the chin to open the mouth. When the mandible is displaced forward, it pulls the tongue forward and prevents it from obstructing the entrance to the trachea. Suctioning instruments Airway Adjuncts Bag-Mask Ventilation Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal Airways Advanced airway management Endotracheal tube. Here are further guidelines. Breathing and ventilation What should you do next? The chest must be examined by inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. What should you look for? Subcutaneous emphysema and tracheal deviation must be identified if present. The aim is to identify and manage six life-threatening thoracic conditions. What are examples of life threatening thoracic conditions? Airway obstruction Tension pneumothorax Massive haemothorax Open pneumothorax Flail chest segment with pulmonary contusion Cardiac tamponade. Flail chest, tracheal deviation, penetrating injuries, and bruising can be recognized by inspection. Subcutaneous emphysema can be recognized by palpation. Tension pneumothorax and haemothorax can be recognized by percussion and auscultation. Circulation with hemorrhage control What are the causes of preventable deaths after trauma? Hemorrhage is the predominant cause of preventable post-injury deaths. Hypovolemic shock is caused by significant blood loss. Two large-bore intravenous lines are established and crystalloid solution may be given. If the person does not respond to this, type-specific blood, or O-negative if this is not available, should be given. External bleeding is controlled by direct pressure. Occult blood loss may be into the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or from the long bones. Disability/Neurologic assessment How do you do a quick neurological assessment in trauma cases? During the primary survey, a basic neurological assessment is made, known by the mnemonic AVPU (alert, verbal stimuli response, painful stimuli response, or unresponsive). A more detailed and rapid neurological evaluation is performed at the end of the primary survey. This establishes the patient's level of consciousness, pupil size and reaction, lateralizing signs, and spinal cord injury level. The Glasgow Coma Scale is a quick method to determine the level of consciousness, and is predictive of patient outcome, if not done in the primary survey. What should you do if there is altered level of consciosuness? An altered level of consciousness indicates the need for immediate reevaluation of the patient's oxygenation, ventilation, and perfusion status. Hypoglycemia and drugs, including alcohol, may influence the level of consciousness. If these are excluded, changes in the level of consciousness should be considered to be due to traumatic brain injury until proven otherwise. Exposure and environmental control How should you cover the patient? It is imperative to cover the patient with warm blankets in the emergency department to prevent hypothermia. Intravenous fluids should be warmed and a warm environment maintained. Patient privacy should be maintained. Resuscitation Fluids IV Fluids What are IV fluids? What are the advantages and risks of this procedure? Venipuncture procedure Secondary survey What is included in a secondary survey? When the primary survey is completed, resuscitation efforts are well established, and the vital signs are normalizing, the secondary survey can begin. The secondary survey is a head-to-toe evaluation of the trauma patient, including a complete history and physical examination, including the reassessment of all vital signs. Each region of the body must be fully examined. X-rays indicated by examination are obtained. If at any time during the secondary survey the patient deteriorates, another primary survey is carried out as a potential life threat may be present. The person should be removed from the hard spine board and placed on a firm mattress as soon as reasonably feasible as the spine board can rapidly cause skin breakdown and pain while a firm mattress provides equivalent stability for potential spinal fractures. Tertiary survey What is included in a tertiary survey of trauma cases? A careful and complete examination followed by serial assessments help recognize missed injuries and related problems, allowing a definitive care management. The rate of delayed diagnosis may be as high as 10%. Since emergency physicians, Physician surgeon medical emergency, Physician medical emergency responder, paramedics and other advanced practitioners use ATLS as their model for trauma care it makes sense that programs for other providers caring for trauma would be designed to interface well with ATLS. What should people know about trauma? What should a medical doctor, nurse, paramedic, or counselor know about trauma? What should a police officer or military officer know about trauma? How should you evaluate a medical doctor regarding skills and knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of trauma? Annotation or Definition Causes Case scenario Complications Diagnostic tests Diagnosis Disabilities associated with this medical condition Emergencies associated with this medical condition Epidemiology Glossary. Healthcare Professionals (Trauma & Surgical Critical Care) History of this medical condition Medical history relevant to this medical condition Mechanism or pathogenesis Normal values Prevention Relevant anatomy, physiology, biochemistry Risk factors Research Symptoms and signs Types Treatment or management What is advanced trauma life support? If you get an emergency call of emergency physical trauma, you first have to engage in advanced trauma life support. Based on the findings, surgical intervention may or may not be required. Questions you need to answer What are the details of the location of injury of this individual? _________________________ Has there been trauma in the past few minutes? _________________________ Is there a history of trauma within a few minutes or hours? _________________________ How much time has elapsed from the start of the emergency until now? _________________________ What is the cause of trauma? _________________________ Fall Gunshot Wounds Fire/ burn Machinery Stabbing Struck by, against Road traffic crash Overexertion Self-inflicted wound In Flight Injuries Poisoning Other Is trauma due to road traffic crash, assault, fall, or other cause? _________________________ If patient is able to talk, this is one of proof of airway patency and normal higher brain functions. A few more questions need to be asked to verify these findings. Has there been unconsciousness in the past few minutes? _________________________ If yes, go ahead with on the spot diagnosis and treatment. Do not delay in diagnosis and treatment. Do on-the-spot diagnosis and treatment. Do not wait for transfer of patient from the location of the medical emergency to a medical emergency room. What are the vital signs of this patient at this point? Date/time/location: Vitals: normal/abnormal. Verified by: _________________________ What best describes the injury after physical trauma? Fracture. Incisional wound. Tissue laceration. Hematoma. Internal bleed. Neuro deficit. Penetrating wound. Amputation. If other specify. _________________________ What part of the human body of this individual has suffered from physical trauma? _________________________ What were the causes and circumstances of this physical trauma? _________________________ Does this case need surgical intervention? _________________________ If so, what type of surgical intervention does this case need? _________________________ Are there any obvious injuries? What are they? _________________________ Where was patient when the injuries occurred? _________________________ 1. inside other building ______________________________________ 2. outdoor location ___________________________________________ 3. unknown Date of first E.R. Visit ____/____/____ Arrival Time :______________ How did patient get to hospital? _________________________ 1. ambulance (name ____________________________) 2. private vehicle 3. public transportation 4. walked or was carried 5. helicopter 6. other (specify________________________________) 7. unknown Was the patient transported from another health care facility? _________________________ Y/N Unknown If yes, specify: ________________________________________ Disposition from Emergency Department 1. discharged home 2. admitted 3. transferred to other facility (specify _________________________________________) 4. left against medical advice 5. dead on arrival 6. expired in emergency department 8. other (specify___________________________________________) 9. unknown If patient was admitted: Date of Admission ____/____/____ Date of Discharge/Death ____/____/____ Discharge Disposition: 1. home 2. acute care hospital _____________________________ 3. skilled nursing facility __________________________ 4. intermediate care facility ________________________ 5. other hospital ___________________________________ 6. home health care 7. left against medical advice 8. expired in hospital 9. other _________________________________________ 10. unknown How did injury occur: Injury Report Form Are long-term physical disability/sequelae likely? _________________________ ___definite ___likely ___unlikely ___unknown If so, what type of disability? ___neurologic ___physical ___hearing ___vision ___ other What are usually surgical interventions after physical trauma? _________________________ What are various types of trauma? Physical trauma. Sexual trauma. Emotional trauma. Sexual and emotional trauma have separate treatments. Physical and sexual trauma have delayed sequel of emotional trauma. Sexual and/or emotional trauma can occur without physical trauma. On February 18, 2014, I received an update about sexual, physical, and emotional trauma. Advanced trauma life support is for physical trauma assessment and treatment. Sexual and emotional trauma has separate guidelines. Advanced Trauma Life Support Primary survey Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection Breathing and ventilation Circulation with hemorrhage control Disability/Neurologic assessment Exposure and environmental control Secondary survey Tertiary survey See also Advanced Cardiac Life Support Advanced Life Support Basic Life Support Trauma Annotation or Definition What is the annotation or definition of this medical condition? What is trauma? What is emotional and psychological trauma? What is physical trauma? What do the different levels of trauma centers mean? Causes What causes trauma? Assaults (11%) What is Assault? What Are the Different Types of Assault? What is Sexual Assault? Here are further guidelines. Falls (28%) Motor vehicle crashes (20%) Being struck by or against objects (19%) Electrical Incidents Trenching and Excavation Disasters Secondary Trauma Case scenario November 30, 2012, case scenario of Aswell Selmon. December 14, 2012 Complications What complications can occur? What are the complications or effects of physical trauma and psychological trauma? How do traumatic experiences affect people? What do trauma survivors need to know? What are the common effects of trauma? What are common secondary and associated posttraumatic symptoms? How do traumatic experiences affect people? What do trauma survivors need to know? What are the common effects of trauma? What are common secondary and associated posttraumatic symptoms? 34 Airway obstruction Acute respiratory distress syndrome Bleeding Concussions Cuts and puncture wounds Cuts, Scrapes and Stitches Cardiac arrest Cardiac tamponade Death What is brain death? Fracture Where, when, and why did the injury occur? Did the person trip and fall, or did they pass out before the fall? Are there other injuries that take precedence over the fracture? Flail chest Head Injury Infection Intracranial hematoma Lacerations Lung contusions. Massive hemothorax Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neurogenic pulmonary edema due to traumatic brain injury: Open wound Open pneumothorax Pericarditis Pericardial effusion Rib fractures Sprain Sepsis Shock Shock (caused by massive blood loss) Neurogenic shock Hypoxic shock Surgical wound Traumatic brain injury Tension pneumothorax The Polytraumatized Patient Organ failure Wounds Diagnostic tests What are various diagnostic tests for trauma? How is the test done? What kind of information will the test provide? Is this test the only way to find out that information? What are the risks and benefits of having this test? How accurate is the test? What do I need to do to prepare for the test? Will the test be uncomfortable? How long will it take to get the results, and how will I get them? What's the next step after the test? What can you do? What about the test results? Functional Assessment When can a patient recover from medical condition at home? If consciousness, pulse, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, behavior, and mobility relevant to age are normal without any acute external or internal injury, and proper survival and civilized conditions exist at home, the patient can recover from the medical condition at home. Complete Blood Count (CBC) RADIOLOGY Death Investigation Diagnosis How should you evaluate a person in a medical emergency? On-the-spot emergency medical diagnosis and treatment. On the way to the hospital treatment. Emergency room treatment. In-hospital treatment. Critical care treatment. Outpatient follow-up treatment. Online treatment. Physical Function Subscale: How should you do on-the-spot diagnosis and treatment of a trauma patient? Here are further guidelines. Factors with post-traumatic, depressive, crisis, or similar consequences. Glasgow Coma Scale Eyes Verbal Motor How do you evaluate and diagnose a patient with physical trauma and psychological trauma? Disabilities associated with this medical condition Emergencies associated with this medical condition Are all trauma cases medical emergencies? When is trauma a medical emergency? Epidemiology How many such cases occur worldwide every year? How many trauma cases have been reported in 2012 worldwide? How many cases of trauma have been reported in 2010 in your state? Healthcare Professionals (Trauma & Surgical Critical Care) What should people know about trauma? What should a medical doctor, nurse, paramedic, or counselor know about trauma? What should a police officer or military officer know about trauma? How should you evaluate a medical doctor regarding skills and knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of trauma? Here are further guidelines. History of this medical condition How has diagnosis and treatment of this medical condition evolved? How did the diagnosis and treatment of trauma evolve? As a matter of fact, advanced trauma life support did not exist up to 1976. Medical history relevant to this medical condition What medical history should you seek relevant to this issue? Is there potential for improvement in the care of injured patients? Injury Description Table Mechanism or pathogenesis What happens in this medical condition? Normal values When can a person be declared normal after a trauma? When can a patient recover from medical condition at home? If consciousness, pulse, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, behavior, and mobility relevant to age are normal without any acute external or internal injury, and proper survival and civilized conditions exist at home, the patient can recover from the medical condition at home. Prevention How can trauma be prevented? Here are further guidelines. Relevant anatomy, physiology, biochemistry What human body anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry should you know that is relevant to trauma? Risk factors What are risk factors for trauma? Research What research is being done on this issue? How can I help? How can you help? Symptoms and signs How is this medical condition reported? What should happen before reporting this medical condition? What are the symptoms and signs of trauma? Victims usually do not report this medical condition. Others report this medical condition. Types What are the types of this medical condition? What are the types of trauma? What are the types of traumas and abuses? Here are further guidelines. Treatment or management What are various treatment options? Treat the underlying cause. What is the best setting or location to treat this medical condition? Do on-the-spot treatment as described. Shift to ER or ICU after the on-the-spot treatment. Treatment or management How is trauma treated? What are the criteria for admission to hospital for a trauma patient? Treatment of trauma depends on the severity of the injury and diagnosis after proper evaluation. Here are guidelines for treating trauma. On-the-spot emergency medical diagnosis and treatment. On-the-spot treatment. On the way to the hospital treatment. Emergency room treatment. In-hospital treatment. Critical care treatment. Outpatient follow-up treatment. Online treatment. Any problem with airway, breathing, or circulation needs on-the-spot diagnosis and treatment. Any fracture that is not open, and without loss of alignment, needs hospital emergency department diagnosis and treatment. This does not need admission to the hospital. Any fracture that is open, with loss of alignment, needs hospital admission. Fixing the fracture depends on the type and location of the fracture. The Golden Hour is a term used to describe the first hour immediately following a serious injury. If a patient receives proper medical care in that first hour, his chances of survival triple and the long-term side effects of injury are significantly decreased. This is one of the reasons distance between the scene of an accident and a trauma center as well as rapid response on the part to a trauma center following a severe injury, the chances for recovery diminish. Airway Airway Airway: Management ASSESSING HYPOVOLAEMIA RATE OF FLUID ADMINISTRATION FLUID BOLUS (WHEN AND HOW MUCH) Fluid resuscitation Wound cleaning Infection control Nutritional support Surgical wound care - open Caring for Your Incision After Surgery Casts and Splints Cast Care Postures and Direction of Movement Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) When is CPR important? What happens during CPR? What happens if CPR isn't done? What are the benefits of CPR? What are the risks of CPR? How do I learn CPR? Hemorrhage control Resuscitative thoracotomy The Effects of Trauma Trauma And Orthopedics Trauma Emergencies Common orthopaedic trauma emergencies Common accompanying complications Tips for management Improve your care of the trauma patient Head trauma Suspected spinal injury Rapid Sequence Intubation Traumatic brain injury Sexual assault (rape) The ATLS Program Child Abuse Initial Trauma Review BLS Cardiac Emergencies ACLS Trauma Counseling Traumatic Brain Injury Head and Spine Trauma Traumatic Brain Injury Epidural hematoma Subdural hematoma Basilar skull fracture Concussion Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Skull fracture Spinal cord injury Spinal fracture Traumatic nerve injury Penetrating Chest Trauma Treatment & Management Hip Socket Fracture Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury (ACL) Amputation - traumatic Trauma Plastic Surgery Acute Care Surgery Critical Care Resuscitation Unit Hyperbaric Medicine Infectious Diseases Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Orthopaedic Traumatology Patient Care Services Soft Tissue Infection Trauma Anesthesiology Trauma Critical Care Medicine Trauma Neurosurgery Trauma Ophthalmology Trauma Plastic Surgery Trauma Radiology Trauma Surgery Principles of management of open fractures 1 Classification of open fractures 2 Principles of surgical care for open fractures 3 Débridement 4 Fixation of open fractures 5 Soft-tissue care 6 Primary amputation 7 Modifiable risk factores Road traffic crash Road Traffic Sabotage What are examples of road traffic sabotage in the state or outside the state? These examples will make you understand. In 1985, in Lalbazar Srinagar, Kashmir, Asif Qureshi was asked to take an vehicle. The vehicle was sabotaged in such a manner that when the vehicle is driven half a mile, the clutch, steering block, and steering will disassemble in such a manner that the will be hit on the chest. This is what happened. Asif Qureshi was traumatized, but survived. This criminal conspiracy was done while arranging a specific mechanic who does this type of sabotage with others. In Medina in 1998, Doctor Asif Qureshi was asked to take a vehicle with some individuals for spiritual prayers at a Medina mosque. Behind the scenes, an oil tanker was kept ready to bang Doctor Asif Qureshi and others in the vehicle. It was discovered later on that such sabotage has been planned while asking him to go to a mosque at Medina, behind which the oil tanker was placed to do harm. Harms occurred; however, Doctor Asif Qureshi survived. What was the motive of saboteurs and criminal conspirators in these situations? They were politically motivated criminal conspiracies. Questions that remain unanswered. Were the saboteurs arrested and punished? Did the system make other aware such sabotage occurred and how to prevent such sabotage harms? What did the system do to prevent, punish such sabotage and harms, and give relief to victims? What are the recommendations? Every road traffic crash is a criminal investigation unless proven otherwise. Punishments to saboteurs and conspirators must go ahead. Relief to victims must go ahead. If you survived road traffic sabotage, an air crash can happen due to sabotage, criminal activities. Here are further guidelines. Case report of blood alcohol concentration in an emergency room If blood alcohol concentration results in an emergency room are greater than expected, what should an emergency room physician do? Here is a case report. This case report will make you understand. This happened in Chicago, Illinois, North America, before the year 2004. A person had never consciously consumed alcohol because of being religious Muslim. Suddenly, he had an accident. There was no injury but he felt something was wrong and he needed to go to a medical emergency room. He was taken to Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In the medical emergency room, his blood tests show a high concentration of alcohol. What negligence was the emergency physician guilty of? He did not ask him these questions. He did not verify answers to these questions. Do you consume alcohol? No. Have you ever consciously consumed alcohol? No. How did alcohol concentration come up in his blood? Here are further facts. Before taking a vehicle, he asked for a glass of water from a restaurant while having a meal near Swedish Covenant Hospital. Instead of giving him water he was intentionally given alcohol by others so that sabotage occurred and he was harmed. Sabotage occurred due to the accident. He had never consciously consumed alcohol. This was a scenario of intentional harms and sabotage against him. The emergency room physician should have reported this as medicolegal case and that the patient was a victim of sabotage. What is the best scenario about this case? The victim or patient in this case was himself an emergency room specialist with seven years of hospital experience at that point. Here are further guidelines. Glossary. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. A Abduction Movement of a part away the midline. related terms . ABI: ankle-brachial index . Absolute stability Fixation of fracture fragments so that there is virtually no displacement of the fracture surfaces under physiological load. This allows direct bone healing. related terms . ACDF: anterior cervical discectomy and fusion . ACL: anterior cruciate ligament related terms . ACT: autogenous chondrocyte transplantation related terms . Adduction Movement of a part towards the midline. related terms . AFN: antegrade femoral nail related terms . Aiming device A device to guide a wire or drill bit in the correct direction. related terms . ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable ALARA is a principle in radiation protection. .Allograft Bone or tissue transplanted from one individual to another individual of the same species. related terms .Anatomical position The reference position of the body: standing facing the observer, with the palms of the hands facing forward. related terms .Anatomical reduction Reinstatement of the exact prefracture shape of the bone. related terms . Anchor screw A screw that serves as a point of fixation to anchor a wire loop, strong suture, or instrument (eg, articulated compression device). .Ankylosis Fusion of a joint by bony or a tight fibrous union, occurring spontaneously as a result of a disease process, eg, following septic arthritis. .Antibiotic Any drug or naturally occurring substance, which can inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms. .Antiglide plate Prevents shear displacement of a fragment by functioning as a buttress. Classically, it is only fixed to one main fragment. related terms .AO: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen The AO Foundation, is a medical non-profit organization with international research and educational activities led by surgeons specialized in trauma, spinal, craniomaxillofacial, and veterinary surgery. Its mission is to foster and expand its network of healthcare professionals in education, research, development, and clinical investigation to achieve more effective patient care worldwide. Founded in 1958, the AO today represents the world’s leading knowledge organization in this field. It comprises one of the most important and extensive networks in medicine with more than 10,000 surgeons, and an international faculty of over 3,000 experts in more than 100 countries. .AP: anteroposterior .APC: anodic plasma-chemical treatment .APL: abductor pollicis longus related terms .APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time .ARDS: adult respiratory distress syndrome .ARR: absolute risk reduction (or increase) related terms . Arthritis An inflammatory condition of a synovial joint. It may be septic or aseptic. .Arthrodesis Fusion of a joint by bone as a planned outcome of a surgical procedure. .Articular fracture, complete The entire articular surface is separated from the diaphysis. related terms .Articular fracture, multifragmentary-depression A fracture in which part of the joint is depressed and the fragments are completely separated. related terms .Articular fracture, partial Only part of the joint is involved in the fracture, while the remainder remains attached to the diaphysis. There are several varieties. related terms .Articular fracture, pure depression An articular fracture in which there is depression of the articular surface alone without split. The depression may be central or peripheral—see impacted fracture. related terms . Articular fracture, pure split An articular fracture in which there is a longitudinal metaphyseal and articular split, without any additional osteochondral lesion. related terms .Articular fracture, split-depression An articular injury with a fracture line running into the metaphysis (split) and impaction of separate osteochondral joint fragments (depression). related terms .ASA: acetylsalicylic acid .ASIA: American spinal injury association .ATLS: advanced trauma life support .Autograft A graft of tissue from one site to another within the same individual. related terms .Avascular necrosis (AVN) Bone which has been deprived of its blood supply dies. In the absence of sepsis, this is called avascular necrosis. The dead bone retains its normal strength (although it is unable to heal) until the natural process of revascularization, by creeping substitution, starts to remove the dead bone, in preparation for the laying down of new bone. Loaded areas may then collapse. .AVN: avascular necrosis Bone which has been deprived of its blood supply dies. In the absence of sepsis, this is called avascular necrosis. The dead bone retains its normal strength (although it is unable to heal) until the natural process of revascularization, by creeping substitution, starts to remove the dead bone, in preparation for the laying down of new bone. Loaded areas may then collapse. .Avulsion Pulling off. A bone fragment pulled off by a ligament or muscle attachment is an avulsion fracture. .B Bactericidal Capable of killing bacteria. .BCP: biphasic calcium phosphate related terms .Bending stiffness The bending stiffness of an intramedullary nail is inversely proportional to the square of the working length. related terms .Bicortical screw A screw that purchases in both the near cortex and the far cortex. related terms .Biocompatibility The ability to exist in harmony with, and not to injure, associated biological tissues or processes. .Biological internal fixation A technique of careful surgical exposure, fracture reduction, and fixation, which favors the preservation of the blood supply of the fracture site and, thereby, optimizes the healing potential of the bone and soft tissues. .BMC: bone mineral content related terms .BMD: bone mineral density related terms .BMP: bone morphogenic protein . Bone graft Bone removed from one skeletal site and placed at another. Bone grafts are used to stimulate bone union and also to restore skeletal continuity where there has been bone loss— see allograft, autograft, and xenograft. related terms . Bone resorption Removal of bone by osteoclasts. This is an integral element of bone remodeling either during growth or after fracture. Pathological removal of bone by activated osteoclasts and giant cells occurs if bone is dead, when bone is infected, and around implants where there is excessive movement. .Bone substitute Nonosseous biological or inorganic material that can be used in place of, or to augment, bone graft to fill a defect or to support unfractured bone. .Bridging plate A plate which spans the fracture site and is attached to each main fragment of a multifragmentary fracture maintaining axial and rotational alignment and length. It is not fixed to nor does it disturb the blood supply of intervening fragments. more detail related terms .BSSO: bilateral sagittal split osteotomy .Butterfly fragment Where there is a fracture complex with a third fragment which does not comprise a full cross section of the bone (ie, after reduction there is some contact between the two main fragments), the wedge-shaped fragment, which due to a rotation mechanism may be spiral, is occasionally referred to as a butterfly fragment—see wedge fracture. .Buttress A construction that resists axial load by applying force at 90° to the axis of potential deformity. related terms .C C-clamp: compression clamp (for pelvis) related terms .Calcar (Latin = spur) The medial cortex of the femoral neck, proximal to the lesser trochanter, which transmits the majority of compressive force generated in the femoral neck during load bearing. .Callus A tissue of immature bone and cartilage that is formed at the site of bony repair to bridge a fracture—see healing, indirect. related terms .Cancellous bone Spongy trabecular bone, found mostly at the proximal and distal bone ends. related terms .CAOS: computer-assisted orthopedic surgery related terms .CaP: calcium phosphate related terms .CAS: computer-assisted surgery related terms .CDMP: cartilage derived morphogenic protein related terms .CE: Conformité Européenne .CER: control event rate related terms .CFN: cannulated femoral nail related terms .Chondrocytes The active cells of cartilage which produce type II collagen and proteoglycans that make up the chondral matrix. related terms .CME: continuing medical education .CNS: central nervous system . Coating A thin layer that is applied to the surface of an implant and which may contain different agents (eg, antibiotics, or bone morphogenic protein). .CoE: classes of evidence .Combination hole The plate hole of the locking compression plate (LCP) that consists of two parts: the nonthreaded dynamic compression unit (DCU; shaped like the holes of a dynamic compression plate (DCP)), and the threaded part which has a reciprocal thread for the insertion of a locking head screw (LHS). more detail related terms .Compartment syndrome Raised pressure in a closed fascial compartment that results in painful local tissue ischemia—see muscle compartment, ischemia-reperfusion injury. more detail related terms .Complete articular fracture The entire articular surface is separated from the diaphysis. related terms .Complex fracture A fracture with one or more intermediate fragment(s) in which there is no contact between the main fragments after reduction—see multifragmentary fracture. related terms .Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Neuropathic pain with associated sudomotor and vasomotor disturbances that develops after trauma, another inciting event, or a period of immobilization. The diagnostic criteria are broad and there are no specific tests for the diagnosis of this condition. There are two types (CRPS I and CRPS II) that have the same signs and symptoms, the difference being that an identifiable nerve lesion is associated with CRPS II. CRPS is also known under different names: fracture disease, algodystrophy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Sudeck’s atrophy. .Compression The act of pressing together to increase or achieve stability. related terms .Compression, interfragmentary Bone fragments are pressed together, either with a lag screw or plate, to produce absolute stability. related terms .Contact healing One form of direct bone healing, which occurs between two fragments of bone maintained in motionless contact (absolute stability). The fracture is repaired by direct internal remodeling. related terms .Continuous passive motion (CPM) The use of an apparatus providing periods of passive movement of a joint through a controlled range of motion. .Conventional screw Any screw with a smooth outer surface of the head (ie, without threads) that is used for fracture or plate fixation. more detail related terms .Coronal plane The vertical plane of the body passing from side to side, so that a coronal bisection of the body would cut it into a front half and a back half. Also called the frontal plane. related terms .Corrosion This is an electrochemical process that results in the destruction of metal by the liberation of ionic metal. .Cortical bone The dense bone forming the tubular element of the shaft, or diaphysis (middle part), of a long bone. The term is also applied to the dense, thin shell covering the cancellous bone of the metaphysis. related terms .Corticotomy A special osteotomy where the cortex is surgically divided but the medullary content and the periosteum are not injured. related terms .Countersink The process of making a shallow recess around a screw hole to increase the contact area between the bone and the screw head. The term can also refer to the tool for making such a recess. related terms .CPM: continuous passive motion The use of an apparatus providing periods of passive movement of a joint through a controlled range of motion. .CPM: continuous passive motion The use of an apparatus providing periods of passive movement of a joint through a controlled range of motion. .cpTi: commercially pure titanium related terms . Creeping substitution The slow replacement of dead bone with living, vascular bone. related terms .CRIF: closed reduction internal fixation related terms .Critical strain level The strain level at which a tissue disrupts or ceases to perform its normal physiological function. related terms .CRP: C-reactive protein .CRPS I: complex regional pain syndrome type I related terms .CRPS II: complex regional pain syndrome type II related terms .CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome Neuropathic pain with associated sudomotor and vasomotor disturbances that develops after trauma, another inciting event, or a period of immobilization. The diagnostic criteria are broad and there are no specific tests for the diagnosis of this condition. There are two types (CRPS I and CRPS II) that have the same signs and symptoms, the difference being that an identifiable nerve lesion is associated with CRPS II. CRPS is also known under different names: fracture disease, algodystrophy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Sudeck’s atrophy. .CSF: cerebrospinal fluid .CSLP: cervical spine locking plate related terms .CTA: computed tomography angiography related terms .CTN: cannulated tibial nail related terms .D DAD: distal aiming device (for tibial nail) related terms .Damage-control surgery (DCS) Rapid emergency surgery to save life and/or limb, while avoiding time-consuming and potentially traumatic definitive fracture fixation. DCS usually involves hemorrhage control, wound debridement, and the application of temporary external fixators rapidly to stabilize long-bone fractures and unstable fracture dislocations. related terms .DBM: demineralized, lyophilized bovine bone graft related terms .dBP: diastolic blood pressure .DCP: dynamic compression plate A plate with chamfered oval holes through which eccentrically placed screws can be inserted to provide compression across a fracture site. more detail related terms .DCS: damage-control surgery Rapid emergency surgery to save life and/or limb, while avoiding time-consuming and potentially traumatic definitive fracture fixation. DCS usually involves hemorrhage control, wound debridement, and the application of temporary external fixators rapidly to stabilize long-bone fractures and unstable fracture dislocations. related terms .DCS: dynamic condylar screw .DCU: dynamic compression unit The nonthreaded part of a LCP combination hole that is shaped like the hole of a dynamic compression plate (DCP). related terms .DDD: degenerative disc disease .Debridement The surgical excision from a wound injury zone or pathological area, of foreign material and all avascular, contaminated, and infected tissue. related terms .Deformation, elastic A temporary change in length or angle of a material that will recover its former state when the deforming force is released. related terms .Deformation, plastic A change in length or angle of a material that is permanent and will not recover when the deforming force is released. related terms .Deformity Any abnormality of the form of a body part. .Delayed union Fracture healing is not taking place at what is accepted as the expected time course for a particular fracture (and the patient’s age)—see nonunion. related terms .DFN: distal femoral nail related terms .DHS: dynamic hip screw related terms .Diaphysis The cylindrical or tubular part between the ends of a long bone, often referred to as the shaft. related terms . Diastasis screw A position screw that is placed between the fibula and tibia to maintain their normal anatomical relationship at the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. The screw must gain purchase in both bones as compression must not be applied. related terms .DICOM: digital imaging and communications in medicine related terms .Direct healing It is observed following internal fixation with absolute stability. It is characterized by the absence of callus; there is no resorption at the fracture site. Bone forms by internal remodeling without intermediate repair tissue. Direct fracture healing was formerly called primary healing. related terms .Direct reduction Hands or instruments manipulate fracture fragments under direct vision. related terms .Dislocation A displacement of a joint such that no part of one articular surface remains in contact with the other. Sometimes used incorrectly to denote fracture displacement. related terms .Displacement The condition of being out of place. A fracture is displaced if the fragments are not perfectly anatomically aligned. related terms .Distal Away from the center of the body, more peripheral. .Distraction osteogenesis The induction of bone formation by the application of tension to soft tissue that has the potential to form bone, eg, organized hematoma, periosteum, and endosteum at the site of an osteotomy or osteoclasis. This phenomenon was first described by Bier (1927) and scientifically investigated by the Russian surgeon Ilizarov. related terms .DMB: demineralized bone matrix related terms .Dorsal Pertaining to the back—or dorsum—of the body in the anatomical position. An exception is the foot; the top of the foot, even though it faces forward in the anatomical position, is called the dorsum. Dorsal is only used to describe the dorsum of the hand and foot. For all other parts the terms “anterior” and “posterior” are used. related terms .DRUJ: distal radioulnar joint related terms . Ductility The degree of permanent (plastic) deformation a material tolerates before it breaks. The ductility of a material determines the degree to which an implant, such as a plate, can be contoured without breaking. related terms .DVT: deep vein thrombosis related terms .DVT: digital volume tomography related terms .DXA: dual x-ray absorptiometry related terms .Dynamic compression plate (DCP) A plate with chamfered oval holes through which eccentrically placed screws can be inserted to provide compression across a fracture site. more detail related terms .Dynamic compression unit (DCU) The nonthreaded part of a LCP combination hole that is shaped like the hole of a dynamic compression plate (DCP). related terms .Dynamic locking When an interlocking screw is placed into the oval hole of an intramedullary nail, this controls rotation and alignment, but allows some (controlled) impaction of the fracture during weight bearing—see dynamization. related terms .Dynamization Diverting the mechanical load from a fixation de vice to load the fracture site in order to enhance bone formation. .E Early total care (ETC) Definitive treatment in polytrauma of all injuries, including major long-bone fractures, within 24 hours of injury. related terms .EBL: estimated blood loss .EBOS: evidence-based orthopaedic surgery .EER: eperimental event rate related terms .EGF: epithelial growth factor related terms .EHN: expert humeral nail related terms .Elastic deformation A temporary change in length or angle of a material that will recover its former state when the deforming force is released. related terms .EMG: electromyogram .End segment This term has been created for the AO classification of articular fractures in the adult. It is defined by drawing a line across the widest part of the metaphysis on an x-ray. This line is then used to create a square and one line is placed along the articular surface. The bone lying within the square is defined as the end segment. In children, the end segment is further divided into epiphysis and metaphysis which are separated by the growth plate. related terms . Endosteum A single layered membrane that lines the interior surface of the bone ie, the wall of the medullary cavity. Its cells have osteogenic potential. related terms .Energy transfer When tissues are injured, the damage is due to energy that is transferred to the tissues. This is most commonly due to the transfer of kinetic energy from a moving object (car, missile, falling object, etc) but can also be due to thermal energy. related terms .ENT: ear, nose and throat .EPB: extensor pollicis brevis related terms .Epiphysis The end of a long bone which bears the articular component. The epiphysis develops from the cartilaginous element between the joint surface and the growth plate—see metaphysis. related terms .EPL: extensor pollicis longus related terms .ERG: electroretinogram related terms .ESIN: elastic stable intramedullary nailing .ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate .ETC: early total care Definitive treatment in polytrauma of all injuries, including major long-bone fractures, within 24 hours of injury. related terms .ETNS: expert tibial nail system related terms .Evidence-based medicine Using the strength or robustness of scientific investigation to make clinical decisions. The strength of clinical evidence is based on the strength of studies, for example, reports of case series are weak and a randomized prospective trial is strong. related terms .External fixation Skeletal stabilization using pins, wires, or screws that protrude through the skin and are linked externally by bars or other devices. related terms .Extraarticular fracture The fracture does not involve the articular surface but is within the end segment of a long bone and may be within the joint capsule. related terms .F FA: facial artery .Far cortex The cortex more distant from the operator—see near cortex. related terms .Fasciocutaneous flaps Soft-tissue flaps, based upon a perforating artery, which include the skin, the subcutaneous tissues, and the deep fascia. .Fasciotomy The surgical division of the wall of a muscle compartment, usually to release high intracompartment pressure— see compartment syndrome. related terms .Fatigue failure If any material is subjected to multiple loading cycles, it may develop microscopic cracks and eventually fail at a stress well below the tensile strength, and often below the yield strength of the pristine material. related terms .FCR: flexor carpi radialis related terms .FCU: flexor carpi ulnaris related terms .FDA: Food and Drug Administration .FES: fat embolism syndrome .FGF: fibroblast growth factor related terms .Fibrocartilage Tissue consisting of elements of cartilage and of fibrous tissue. It is the normal constituent of the menisci and the triangular fibrocartilage at the wrist. It forms as the repair tissue after injury to articular cartilage. related terms .Fixed-angle device An implant with two or more parts that are solidly connected at an angle so that it will resist forces tending to angulate one part with respect to the other. Such devices are used to prevent angular displacement of fractures. Fixed-angle devices may be manufactured as a single, solid device, eg, 95° angled blade plate, or produced by mechanically coupling two implants, eg, a locking compression plate with a locking head screw. related terms .FN: facial nerve .FPL: flexor pollicis longus related terms .Fracture disease A condition characterized by disproportionate pain, soft-tissue swelling, patchy bone loss, and joint stiffness— see type II complex regional pain syndrome. related terms .Fracture fixation Application of a mechanical device to a broken bone to allow healing in a controlled position and (usually) to facilitate early functional rehabilitation. The surgeon determines the degree of reduction required and the mechanical environment, which in turn influences the mode of bone healing. related terms . Fracture treatment, goal According to Müller et al the goal of fracture treatment is to restore optimal function of the limb in respect to mobility and load-bearing capacity while avoiding complications. .Free vascularized graft/flap Soft tissue and/or bone that is transplanted to a separate anatomical site in the same individual and revascularized using microsurgical techniques to attach its vascular pedicle to vessels at the recipient site. related terms .FWB: full weight bearing related terms .G Gap healing One form of direct bone healing when there is absolute stability but a small gap between the fracture fragments. Lamellar bone forms in the gap and is then remodeled by penetrating osteons. related terms .GCS: Glasgow coma scale related terms .GDF: growth and differentiation factor related terms .Glide hole The cortex under the screw head is drilled to the size of thread diameter so that the thread gets no purchase. This is used for the lag screw technique. related terms .Gliding splint The linkages (couples) between the bone and the splinting device allow (controlled) axial movement, so that the distance between the couples can change (eg, dynamically locked nail). related terms .Goal of fracture treatment According to Müller et al the goal of fracture treatment is to restore optimal function of the limb in respect to mobility and load-bearing capacity while avoiding complications. .GOS: Glasgow outcome scale related terms .Guide wire A wire inserted into bone to allow precise positioning of a cannulated drill, reamer, or implant that is passed over the wire. related terms .H HA: hydroxyapatite .Haversian system The cortical bone is composed of a system of small channels (osteons) about 0.1 mm in diameter. These channels contain the blood vessels and are remodeled after a disturbance of the blood supply to bone. There is a natural turnover of the Haversian system by continuous osteonal remodeling; this process is part of the dynamic and metabolic nature of bone. It is also involved in the adaptation of bone to an altered mechanical environment. related terms .HDU: high dependency unit related terms .Healing Returning to preinjury condition. Bone healing is regarded as complete when bone has regained normal stiffness and strength. related terms . Healing, contact One form of direct bone healing, which occurs between two fragments of bone maintained in motionless contact (absolute stability). The fracture is repaired by direct internal remodeling. related terms .Healing, direct It is observed following internal fixation with absolute stability. It is characterized by the absence of callus; there is no resorption at the fracture site. Bone forms by internal remodeling without intermediate repair tissue. Direct fracture healing was formerly called primary healing. related terms .Healing, gap One form of direct bone healing when there is absolute stability but a small gap between the fracture fragments. Lamellar bone forms in the gap and is then remodeled by penetrating osteons. related terms .Healing, indirect Bone healing by callus formation in fractures treated either with relative stability or left untreated. related terms .Heterotopic (ectopic) ossification (HTO) Formation of new bone in soft tissues, secondary to trauma or other pathology. .HFS: Hanover fracture scale related terms .hGH: human growth hormone .HMSC: human mesenchymal stem cells related terms .Hook plate A plate that is bent so that it captures a fracture fragment which can then be reduced by applying tension to the plate. The hook can be part of a specially designed plate for a specific anatomical site, or improvised by cutting and bending a conventional plate. related terms .HRT: hormone replacement therapy .HTA: health technology assessment .HTO: heterotopic (ectopic) ossification Formation of new bone in soft tissues, secondary to trauma or other pathology. .HTO: high tibial osteotomy related terms .I IAN: inferior alveolar nerve .IASP: International Association for the Study of Pain related terms .ICBG: iliac crest bone graft related terms .ICP: intracranial pressure related terms .ICU: intensive care unit .IGF-BP: insulin-like growth factor - binding proteins related terms .IGF: insulin-like growth factor related terms .IGS: image guided surgery related terms .IMF: intermaxillary fixation related terms .IMP: intramuscular pressure related terms .Impacted fracture A fracture in which the opposing bone surfaces are driven into each other and behave as a single unit. This is a combined clinical and radiological diagnosis. related terms. Indirect healing Bone healing by callus formation in fractures treated either with relative stability or left untreated. related terms .Indirect reduction Fragments are manipulated by applying corrective forces at a distance from the fracture zone, by distraction or other means, without exposing the fracture site. related terms .Injury severity score (ISS) An anatomical scale that was developed to give a numerical value to the extent of trauma in patients with multiple trauma. The highest abbreviated injury scale (range 0–5) is calculated for a maximum of three systems (eg, head trauma, musculoskeletal trauma, abdominal injuries). Each abbreviated injury score is squared and the three squared scores added together to calculate the ISS (maximum = 3 x 5² = 75)—see polytrauma. related terms .INR: international normalized ratio .Interfragmentary compression Bone fragments are pressed together, either with a lag screw or plate, to produce absolute stability. related terms .Interlocking screw Also called (inter)locking bolt. It couples an intramedullary nail to the bone to maintain length, alignment, and rotation. related terms . Internal fixator Mechanical device that is underneath the skin and bridges a fracture zone—similar to external fixation—providing an angularly locked, extramedullary splint resulting in relative stability (eg, LCP, LISS). related terms .Ischemia Reduction in blood flow resulting in tissue hypoxia. related terms .Ischemia-reperfusion injury Prolonged tissue hypoxia results in the activation of superoxide enzymes which produce free oxygen radicals when the circulation is restored. These free radicals cause cell membrane damage resulting in increased permeability that may lead to cell swelling and edema. Ultimately, this can result in cell death and, in a closed anatomical compartment, compartment syndrome can be the outcome. more detail related terms .ISS: injury severity score An anatomical scale that was developed to give a numerical value to the extent of trauma in patients with multiple trauma. The highest abbreviated injury scale (range 0–5) is calculated for a maximum of three systems (eg, head trauma, musculoskeletal trauma, abdominal injuries). Each abbreviated injury score is squared and the three squared scores added together to calculate the ISS (maximum = 3 x 5² = 75)—see polytrauma. related terms .IVC: inferior vena cava .J JLCA: joint line convergence angle .Joystick A Schanz screw or threaded pin with an attached handle inserted into a fracture fragment to allow direct manipulation of the fragment to effect fracture reduction. related terms .K K-wire: Kirschner wire related terms .Kinetic energy The energy stored by a body by virtue of the fact that it is in motion. Kinetic energy is calculated according to the formula E = ½ mv², where m is the mass of the moving object and v its velocity. related terms .L Lag screw A screw that passes through a glide hole to grip the opposite fragment in a thread hole, producing interfragmentary compression when it is tightened. more detail related terms .LC-DCP: limited contact dynamic compression plate The limited-contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) was introduced by Perren in 1990 and has become the gold standard for plate fixation. The plate is available in two sizes, 3.5 and 4.5 mm, which is determined by the thread diameter of the cortex screws used together with the plate. The screw hole design allows for axial compression by eccentric screw insertion. more detail related terms .LCL: lateral canthal ligament .LCL: lateral collateral ligament related terms .LCP: locking compression plate See locking plate and internal fixator. related terms .LD: lacrimal duct .LDTA: lateral distal tibial angle .LDUH: low-dose unfractionated heparin related terms .LG: lacrimal gland .LHS: locking head screw A screw with a thread cut into its head which provides a mechanical couple, or linkage, to a threaded screw hole in a plate, thereby creating a fixed-angle device. more detail related terms .Ligamentotaxis Traction is applied across a fractured joint so that tension in capsular and ligamentous attachments reduces fracture fragments. related terms .Limited-contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) The limited-contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) was introduced by Perren in 1990 and has become the gold standard for plate fixation. The plate is available in two sizes, 3.5 and 4.5 mm, which is determined by the thread diameter of the cortex screws used together with the plate. The screw hole design allows for axial compression by eccentric screw insertion. more detail related terms . Limited-contact plate A plate designed to limit contact with the underlying bone which preserves the maximum possible periosteal blood supply. The most common variety is the limited-contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP). related terms .LIPUS: low intensity pulsed ultrasound .LISS: less invasive stabilization system related terms .LMWH: low-molecular weight heparin related terms .Locked splint There is a fixed linkage (couple) between the bone and splinting device, above and below the fracture zone, so that the working length between the couples cannot change (eg, statically locked nail). related terms . Locking compression plate (LCP) See locking plate and internal fixator. related terms. Locking head screw (LHS) A screw with a thread cut into its head which provides a mechanical couple, or linkage, to a threaded screw hole in a plate, thereby creating a fixed-angle device. more detail related terms .Locking plate A plate with threaded screw holes that allow mechanical coupling to a locking head screw (LHS). The less invasive stabilization system (LISS) will accept only this type of screw, while locking compression plates (LCPs) have a combination hole that will accept conventional screw heads or threaded screw heads. related terms .LPFA: lateral proximal femoral angle .M MA: malar arch .Malunion The fracture has healed in a position of deformity. related terms .MCL: medial canthal ligament .MCL: medial collateral ligament related terms .MEFiSTO: monolateral external fixation system for traumatology and orthopedics related terms .MESS: mangled extremity severity score related terms . Metaphysis In the adult, this is the segment of a long bone located between the articular surface and the shaft. It consists mostly of cancellous bone within a thin cortical shell. related terms .MFA: musculoskeletal function assessment .Minimally invasive osteosynthesis (MIO) Any fracture fixation undertaken using small skin incisions and designed to limit the deeper soft-tissue surgical trauma. Examples include percutaneous K-wiring and closed intramedullary nailing as well as minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). related terms .Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) Reduction and fixation with a plate of any design, without direct surgical exposure of the fracture site, using small skin incisions and subcutaneous or submuscular insertion of the plate. .Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) Any surgical procedure undertaken using small skin incisions. Examples include laparoscopic abdominal surgery, arthroscopy, and closed intramedullary nailing. .MIO: minimally invasive osteosynthesis Any fracture fixation undertaken using small skin incisions and designed to limit the deeper soft-tissue surgical trauma. Examples include percutaneous K-wiring and closed intramedullary nailing as well as minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). related terms .MIPO: minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis Reduction and fixation with a plate of any design, without direct surgical exposure of the fracture site, using small skin incisions and subcutaneous or submuscular insertion of the plate. .MIPPO: minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis .MIS: minimally invasive surgery Any surgical procedure undertaken using small skin incisions. Examples include laparoscopic abdominal surgery, arthroscopy, and closed intramedullary nailing. .MMA: methyl methacrylate related terms .MMF: mandibulomaxillary fixation related terms .MN: mental nerve .MOdDAD: modular aiming device related terms .MODS: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome related terms .Modulus of elasticity Ratio of stress to strain in the linear region of a stress-strain curve. Also called Young’s modulus. related terms .MOF: multiple organ failure related terms .Monocortical screw A screw that purchases only in the near cortex. related terms .MPP: mean muscle perfusion pressure related terms .MPTA: medial proximal tibial angle .MRC: Medical Research Council .MRI: magnetic resonance imaging related terms .MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus .MSC: mesenchymal stem cells related terms .Multifragmentary fracture A fracture with more than one fracture line so that there are three pieces or more—see complex fracture. related terms .Multifragmentary-depression articular fracture A fracture in which part of the joint is depressed and the fragments are completely separated. related terms . Muscle compartment An anatomical space, bounded on all sides either by bone or deep fascia, which contains one or more muscle bellies. related terms .MVA: motor vehicle accident .N NDI: neck disability index .Near cortex The cortex near the operator and on the side of insertion of an implant. related terms .Neutralization (plate) refers to Protection (plate) A plate, or other implant, which reduces the load placed upon a lag screw fixation, thus protecting it from overload. This term has replaced neutralization (plate). more detail related terms .NLS: nasolacrimal sac .NNT: number needed to treat/number neede to harm related terms . Nonunion The fracture is still present and healing has stopped. The fracture will not unite without surgical intervention. A nonunion is usually due to inadequate mechanical or biological conditions–see union, pseudarthrosis, and delayed union. related terms .NSAIDs: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs related terms .NVS: neurovascular structures .O OA: osteoarthritis A degenerative condition of synovial joints which is characterized by loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis, bone cysts, and the formation of osteophytes. related terms .OC: oral contraceptives .OPG: orthopantomogram related terms .OR: operating room related terms .ORIF: open reduction and internal fixation A widely used abbreviation for open reduction and internal fixation (osteosynthesis). related terms .ORP: operating room personnel related terms .Orthosis An external device that is applied to the body in order to protect and/or stabilize a body part, to prevent or correct scarring and deformities, or to aid movement. related terms .Osteoarthritis A degenerative condition of synovial joints which is characterized by loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis, bone cysts, and the formation of osteophytes. related terms . Osteoconduction The physical property of a material that provides the microstructure for the ingrowth of cells that produce bone. related terms .Osteogenesis The formation of new bone from progenitor tissue. related terms .Osteoinduction The property of stimulating new bone formation (osteogenesis). related terms .Osteomyelitis An acute or chronic inflammatory condition affecting bone and its medullary cavity, usually the result of infection. related terms .Osteon The name given to the small channels which combine to make up the Haversian system in cortical bone. related terms .Osteopenia A reduction in bone mass of between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for a young adult (ie, a T score of –1 to –2.5)—see osteoporosis. related terms .Osteoporosis A reduction in bone mass of more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for a young adult (ie, a T score of < –2.5)—see osteopenia and pathological fracture. related terms .Osteosynthesis A term coined by Albin Lambotte to describe the “synthesis” (derived from the Greek for making together or fusing) of a fractured bone by a surgical intervention using implants. It includes external fixation. related terms .Osteotomy Controlled surgical division of a bone. related terms .OTA: Orthopaedic Trauma Association .OTD: Orthopedic Trauma Directions . Overbending (of a plate) An exactly contoured plate is given a slight extra bend at the level of a transverse fracture, so that its central portion stands slightly off the underlying cortex. As compression is applied by tensioning the plate, the far cortex is compressed first, then the near cortex, resulting in even compression across the transverse diameter of the bone. Without the overbend, the plate will only compress the near cortex, resulting in an unstable fixation and the risk of cyclical loading of the plate and eventual fatigue failure. related terms .P PACS: picture archiving and communication systems related terms .Partial articular fracture Only part of the joint is involved in the fracture, while the remainder remains attached to the diaphysis. There are several varieties. related terms .Pathological fracture A fracture through abnormal bone which occurs at normal physiological load or stress. related terms .PCA: patient-controlled analgesia .PCL: polycaprolactone .PCL: posterior cruciate ligament related terms .PDGF: platelet derived growth factor related terms .PDLLA: poly-D,L-lactide related terms .PDS: polydioxanone .PE: pulmonary embolism related terms .PEEK: polyetheretherketone related terms .PEG: polyethylene glycol related terms .PEKK: polyetherketoneketone related terms .PEP: pulmonary embolism prevention related terms .Periosteum The fibrovascular membrane covering the exterior surface of a bone. The deep cell layer has osteogenic potential. related terms .Personality of the fracture The term "personality" of the fracture was coined by EA. Nichol (1965) to express the combination of attributes of a fracture that determine its outcome after treatment. There are three key factors: the patient; the soft tissues; and the fracture itself. related terms .PET: positron emission tomography related terms .PFN: proximal femoral nail related terms .PFNA: proximal femoral nail antirotation related terms .PGA: polyglycolic acid related terms .PHILOS: proximal humerus internal locked system related terms .PHN: proximal humeral nail related terms .Pilot hole A drill hole which is the same diameter as the core of the screw. This can then be used to guide the insertion of screws that cut their own thread (self-tapping screw) or a tap that will cut the threads and produce a thread hole. related terms .Pin loosening Bone resorption at an external fixator pin-bone interface. related terms .PISA-PED: prospective investigative study of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis PISA-PED prospective investigative study of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis related terms .PLA: polylactic acid related terms .Plastic deformation A change in length or angle of a material that is permanent and will not recover when the deforming force is released. related terms .Plate screw Preload and friction is applied to create force between the plate and the bone. related terms .PLGA: polyglycolides related terms .PLLA: polylactides related terms .PMMA: polymethylmethacrylate related terms .PMN: polymorphonuclear neutrophils .POL: posterior oblique ligament . Poller screw A screw used as a fulcrum to redirect an intramedullary nail. related terms .Polytrauma A syndrome of multiple injuries to one or more body systems or cavities with sequential systemic reactions that may lead to dysfunction or failure of remote organs and vital systems, which have not themselves been directly injured. It can also be defined as an injury severity score (ISS) of = 17. related terms .Position screw A position screw is placed between two adjacent bones or fracture fragments to maintain their normal, relative anatomical relation without applying compression. After restoration of the normal relationship of the bones, a pilot hole or thread hole is drilled through both the near and far cortices. A fully threaded screw is introduced and the absence of a glide hole means that no compression is generated between the head of the screw and the far cortex. The diastasis screw used in type C ankle fractures is an example of a position screw. related terms .PQ: pronator quadratus .Prebending (precontouring) of a plate Preoperative or intraoperative bending of a plate to the shape of the bone. related terms . Preload The application of interfragmentary compression keeps the fragments together until a tensile force is applied which exceeds the compression (preload). related terms .Preshaped plate A plate that is designed and shaped during manufacture to fit a specific anatomical site so that intraoperative contouring of the plate is usually not needed. related terms .Protection (plate) A plate, or other implant, which reduces the load placed upon a lag screw fixation, thus protecting it from overload. This term has replaced neutralization (plate). more detail related terms .PRUJ: proximal radioulnar joint related terms . Pseudarthrosis It literally means false joint. When a nonunion is mobile and allowed to persist for a long period, the bone ends become sclerotic and the intervening soft tissues differentiate to form a type of synovial articulation—see delayed union, union. related terms .PTH: parathyroid hormone .PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder .Pure depression articular fracture An articular fracture in which there is depression of the articular surface alone without split. The depression may be central or peripheral—see impacted fracture. related terms .Pure split articular fracture An articular fracture in which there is a longitudinal metaphyseal and articular split, without any additional osteochondral lesion. related terms .Push-pull screw A temporary anchor screw which provides a point of fixation for an instrument to reduce a fracture by distraction and/or compression. related terms .Push-pull technique An implant (usually a plate) is applied to one side of a fracture. An instrument (eg, bone spreader) is attached between an anchor point (usually a temporary screw) on the other side of the fracture and the implant. The instrument is then used to distract (push) or appose (pull) the fracture and obtain reduction. related terms .PWB: partial weight bearing related terms . Q QCT: quantitative computed tomography related terms. QMR: quantitative magnetic resonance imaging related terms. QST: quantitative sensory testing. QUS: quantitative ultrasound. R RAPD: relative afferent pupillary defect related terms. RCT: randomized control trial. Reconstruction plate A notched plate which can be bent on the flat as well as in the conventional manner, producing complex 3-D shapes for fixation of fractures in irregularly shaped bones such as the pelvis. related terms. Reduction The realignment of a displaced fracture. related terms .Reduction screw A conventional screw used through a plate to pull fracture fragments towards the plate; the screw may be removed or exchanged once alignment is obtained. related terms .Reduction, direct Hands or instruments manipulate fracture fragments under direct vision. related terms .Reduction, indirect Fragments are manipulated by applying corrective forces at a distance from the fracture zone, by distraction or other means, without exposing the fracture site. related terms .Refracture A further fracture occurring after a fracture is solidly bridged by bone, at a load level otherwise tolerated by normal bone. The resulting fracture line may coincide with the original fracture line, or be within the area of bone that has undergone changes as a result of the fracture and its treatment. related terms .Relative stability A fixation or support construction that allows small amounts of motion in proportion to the load applied. This results in indirect healing by callus formation. related terms . Remodeling (of bone) The process of transformation of external bone shape (external remodeling), or of internal bone structure (internal remodeling, or remodeling of the Haversian system). related terms .RES: reticuloendothelial system .RFN: retrograde femoral nail related terms .RIA: reamer irrigator aspirator .ROM: range of motion related terms .RRR: relative risk reduction (or increase) related terms .RSD: reflex sympathetic dystrophy Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is also called complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). related terms .RSTL: relaxed skin tension lines .RTW: return to work .S Safe zone A surgeon must be familiar with the anatomy of the different cross sections of a limb in order to avoid injuries to nerves, vessels, tendons, and muscles while placing percutaneous wires or external fixator pins. This must only be carried out in one of the safe zones for pin placement. related terms .Sagittal plane This is a vertical plane of the body passing from front to back, so that a sagittal bisection of the body would cut it into a right half and a left half. related terms .Schanz screw A partially threaded pin that is inserted into bone as part of external fixation. Standard Schanz screws have a trocar-shaped tip and require predrilling. There are also selfdrilling Schanz screws. related terms . Screw A device for converting rotational movement into longitudinal motion. related terms. Second look Surgical inspection of a wound or injury zone, 24–72 hours after the initial management of a fracture or wound. .Segmental If the shaft of a bone is broken at two levels, leaving a separate shaft segment between the two fracture sites, it is called a “segmental” fracture complex. related terms. Self-drilling screw A screw with a sharp, pointed drill tip bearing cutting flutes which will cut its own threaded pilot hole. related terms . Self-tapping screw A screw with cutting flutes which create a thread in a predrilled pilot hole as the screw is inserted into the pilot hole. A tap is not used. related terms . Sequestrum A piece of dead bone lying alongside but separated from the osseous bed from which it came. Infected sequestra are formed in chronic osteomyelitis. related terms .Shear A shearing force is one which tends to cause one segment of a body to slide upon another, as opposed to tensile forces, which tend to elongate or shorten a body. related terms .SIGN: Surgical Implant Generation Network .Simple fracture There is a single fracture line producing two fracture fragments. related terms . SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome related terms. SMP: sympathetically maintained pain related terms. SPION: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles .Splint, gliding The linkages (couples) between the bone and the splinting device allow (controlled) axial movement, so that the distance between the couples can change (eg, dynamically locked nail). related terms .Splint, locked There is a fixed linkage (couple) between the bone and splinting device, above and below the fracture zone, so that the working length between the couples cannot change (eg, statically locked nail). related terms . Splinting A splint is made of stiff material that is applied to a fractured body region to reduce motion at the fracture site. It can be applied externally (plaster cast, external fixator) or internally (plate, intramedullary nail, internal fixator). related terms .Split-depression articular fracture An articular injury with a fracture line running into the metaphysis (split) and impaction of separate osteochondral joint fragments (depression). related terms .Spontaneous fracture A fracture that occurs at physiological load or stress, usually in abnormal bone—see pathological fracture. related terms .SSSC: superior shoulder suspension complex .Stability, absolute Fixation of fracture fragments so that there is virtually no displacement of the fracture surfaces under physiological load. This allows direct bone healing. related terms .Stability, relative A fixation or support construction that allows small amounts of motion in proportion to the load applied. This results in indirect healing by callus formation. related terms .Stable fixation Fixation of a fracture that allows early motion of the adjacent joints and provides a mechanical environment that allows fracture healing before failure of the implant. related terms . Stiffness The ability of a material to resist deformation. It is measured as the relationship between load applied and the resulting elastic deformation. The inherent stiffness of a material is expressed by its modulus of elasticity. more detail related terms .Stiffness, bending The bending stiffness of an intramedullary nail is inversely proportional to the square of the working length. related terms .Stiffness, torsional Torsional stiffness of an intramedullary nail is inversely proportional to the working length. related terms . Strain Change in length of a material when a given force is applied. Normal strain is the ratio of deformation (lengthening or shortening) to original length. It has no dimensions but is often expressed as a percentage. related terms .Strain theory by Perren With a small fracture gap, any movement will result in a relatively large change in length (ie, high strain). If this exceeds the strain tolerance of the tissue, healing will not take place. If a larger fracture gap is subjected to the same movement, the relative change in length will be smaller (ie, less strain) and, if the critical strain level is not exceeded, there will be normal tissue function and indirect healing by callus. related terms . Strain tolerance This determines the tolerance of tissues to mechanical conditions. No tissue can function normally when an increase in length (ie, strain) causes the tissue to disrupt. This is the critical strain level. .Strength The ability of a material to resist the application of force without deformation. The strength of a material can be expressed as ultimate tensile strength, bending strength, or torsional strength. Strength determines the level of load an implant can resist. related terms .Stress concentration The build-up of stresses in an implant or bone where there is a defect, a change in cross section, a hole, or a scratch—see stress distribution. related terms .Stress distribution As bending stresses are distributed over a long segment of a plate, the stress per unit area is correspondingly low, which reduces the risk of fatigue failure. related terms .Stress protection Using a plate to reduce peak loads applied to a screw fixation—see protection (plate). related terms .Stress riser A defect (eg, empty screw hole) that brings about a concentration of stress—see stress concentration. related terms .Stress shielding Bone deprived of functional stimulation by having its physiological stresses reduced by a load-sharing implant may react by becoming less dense according to Wolff’s law (1872). related terms .Subluxation A displacement of a joint with partial contact between the two articular surfaces. related terms .SUN: simplified universal nail related terms .SXA: single x-ray absorptiometry related terms .T TAN: titanium aluminium niobium related terms .Tap The process by which a thread is cut in a predrilled hole. It also refers to the instrument used to cut the thread. related terms .TBI: traumatic brain injury .TEN: titanium elastic nail related terms . Tension band The principle by which an implant, attached to the tension side of a fracture, converts the tensile force into a compressive force at the cortex opposite the implant. While wires, cables, and sutures are often used for tension band fixation, plates and external fixators, when appropriately placed, can also function as tension bands. more detail related terms .TFCC: triangular fibrocartilaginous complex related terms .TFN: trochanteric femoral nail related terms .TGF: transforming growth factor .Thread hole A pilot hole is drilled and a tap is used to cut the spiral groove that receives the thread of the screw. The result is a thread hole. related terms .Ti-15Mo: titanium molybdenum related terms .TLSO: thoracolumbosacral orthosis related terms .TMJ: temporomandibular joint .Toggling Slight movement at the couple between a screw and a plate or intramedullary nail. Implants may be designed to allow toggle, eg, intramedullary nails, where the tolerances of the assembly do not permit exact fit. Toggle between plates and screws may occur during plate failure with loosening of the implant. related terms .Torque The moment produced by a turning or twisting force. As an example, torque is applied to drive home and tighten a screw. The moment is equal to the product of lever arm (unit meter) and force (unit Newton) producing torsion and rotation about an axis (the unit of torque in Newton meter). related terms .Torsional stiffness Torsional stiffness of an intramedullary nail is inversely proportional to the working length. related terms .TPLO: tibial plateau leveling osteotomy related terms . Traction table An operating table with attachments that allow safe and precise positioning of the patient and the application of tension or compression through a limb to reduce a fracture and allow access for surgery and radiological imaging. Also known as a fracture table. related terms .Translation Displacement of one bone fragment in relation to another, usually at right angles to the long axis of the bone. related terms .TRAP: triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle .TSP: trochanteric stabilizing plate .TTWB: touch toe weight bearing related terms .U UHMWPE: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene related terms .UHN: unreamed (solid) humeral nail related terms .Union The bone has healed and regained its normal stiffness and strength. In clinical terms, this means there is no movement or tenderness at the fracture site and no pain on stressing the fracture site. Radiologically, there should be evidence of bone trabeculae bridging the fracture site. related terms . .USS: universal spine system related terms .UTN: unreamed tibial nail related terms .V VAC: vacuum-assisted wound closure An open wound is sealed with an impervious, adherent dressing and low pressure suction is applied to remove any exudates and enhance the formation of granulation tissue. .Vacuum-assisted wound closure An open wound is sealed with an impervious, adherent dressing and low pressure suction is applied to remove any exudates and enhance the formation of granulation tissue. Valgus Deviation away from the midline in the anatomical position. related terms. Varus Deviation towards the midline in the anatomical position. related terms. VAS: visual analog scale. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor related terms. VEP: visual evoked potential related terms. VTE: venous thromboembolism related terms. W Wave plate The central section of a plate is contoured to stand off the near cortex over a distance of several holes. This leaves a gap between the plate and the bone, which (a) preserves the biology of the underlying bone, (b) provides a space for the insertion of a bone graft, and (c) increases the stability because of the distance of the waved portion of the implant from the neutral axis of the shaft. Such plating is useful in nonunion treatment. related terms. WBAT: weight bearing as tolerated related terms. Wedge fracture A fracture complex with a third fragment, mostly due to a direct trauma, in which, after reduction, there is some direct contact between the two main fragments—see butterfly fragment. related terms. Working length The distance across a fracture site between the two nearest points where the implant (usually an intramedullary nail) and the bone are coupled. related terms X Xenograft Tissue transplanted from one species to another. related terms. Y Young's modulus Ratio of stress to strain in the linear region of a stress-strain curve. .Z Zone of injury The entire volume of bone and soft tissue damaged by energy transfer during trauma. The microcirculation is disturbed and this may endanger tissue viability. related terms. What should you do before going ahead with any emergency surgery? Verify diagnosis and alternative treatments with two other competent doctors. Document the findings of three separate doctors separately. Experience has revealed that an individual who knows how to make an eight-inch incision and closing in three layers. This individual is claiming to be surgeon specialist. A surgical technician knows more than these skills. Correct diagnosis of a human in various healthcare settings with various options of treatment is a prerequisite for all medical doctors. Injury Prevention Issues INJURY PREVENTION With the degree of injury that is preventable, trauma centers need to focus on prevention programs and healthy communities. Although sometimes difficult to measure, a program is effective if even one injury is prevented. Programs should focus on local common causes of injury. The data is obtainable through the trauma registry and local databases, such as the medical examiner and police crash database. Education — Most commonly offered program — Lecture format, brochures, ads on television or newspaper/ billboards — Common topics include Motor vehicle safety (seat belts, car seats, airbags, drinking and driving, speed, elder driving training) Playground safety (structure, surface, architecture) Home safety (burn, fire prevention, fall prevention/ exercise) Gun safety (proper handling, locks/safes) — Messages should be simple, clear statements Airway Adjuncts Bag-Mask Ventilation Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal Airways Airway Adjuncts Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal Airways Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways can be very useful tools in certain situations, in both the field and hospital setting. But before reaching for one of these airway devices, it is essential to understand the indications, contraindications and appropriate use of these devices. Function and Indications When a patient becomes unconscious, regardless of the cause, maintaining a patent airway is critical. One of the most common causes of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient is the tongue. Once a person loses consciousness, the tongue may fall to the back of the throat and block the patient’s airway. Using an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway is an effective way to maintain an open airway, which allows you to ventilate the patient effectively if needed. The main indication for use of an oropharyngeal airway is if your patient is at risk for airway obstruction due to relaxed upper airway muscles or blockage of the airway by the tongue. For example, if you perform a head tilt-chin lift maneuver on a patient to open their airway and are not able to ventilate the patient successfully, placement of an oropharyngeal airway is indicated. In addition, if you are manually ventilating a patient you may inadvertently push down on the patient’s chin, obstructing their airway. Using an oropharyngeal airway can prevent this from occurring. Oral airways can only be used in the unconscious patient. A nasopharyngeal airway is a second type of device that can be used for patients who are either conscious or unconscious. It is also used to keep the airway open and is especially helpful in semi-conscious patients. Semi-conscious patients may still be at risk for airway obstruction, but cannot have an oropharyngeal airway placed due to an intact gag reflex. Nasopharyngeal airways may work well for patients who are clenching their jaw, which makes inserting an oral airway difficult. A nasopharyngeal airway can also be helpful in patients who are semi-conscious and need frequent nasal-tracheal suctioning. Insertion Procedure The first step in inserting either type of adjunct airway device is selecting the correct size. If you select an inappropriate size, the device will not serve its purpose and could cause more harm than good. The oropharyngeal airway should be measured from the corner of the patient’s mouth to the angle of the mandible. A device that is too big may cause injury or block the airway. Before inserting the airway, clear the mouth of secretions such as vomit, blood or sputum using a suction catheter. Place the oral airway in the mouth with the curved end towards the hard palate or the roof of the mouth. As you are inserting the device and it approaches the posterior pharynx, rotate the device 180 degrees into the correct position. After the oral airway is inserted, the flange of the device should rest on the patient’s lip. There is no need to secure the device with tape. Be sure to suction the airway as needed. Similar to the oropharyngeal airway, if you choose to use a nasopharyngeal airway, selecting the proper size is also important. To determine the correct size, measure from the tip of your patient’s nose to the tip of their earlobe. In addition, choose a nasopharyngeal airway which has a diameter a little smaller than the patient’s nares. A nasopharyngeal airway should be inserted with the bevel pointing towards the septum and following the natural curvature of the floor of the nasal cavity as it is advanced. Once the device is inserted the flange should rest on the nostril opening. Contraindications Using an oropharyngeal airway on a conscious patient with an intact gag reflex is contraindicated. If your patient has the ability to cough they still have a gag reflex and you should not use an oral airway. If the patient has a foreign body obstructing the airway, an oropharyngeal airway should also not be used. There are few contraindications for using a nasopharyngeal airway. The device should not be used on patients who have nasal fractures or an actively bleeding nose. In some cases, slight bleeding may occur when you insert the airway, which can be suctioned or wiped away. Tips •Be gentle when inserting either type of airway device. •Use a water soluble lubricant when inserting a nasopharyngeal airway. •Avoid forcing an oral airway, which can lead to trauma to the lips and tongue. •If resistance is felt during insertion of a nasopharyngeal airway, stop and try the other nostril. •Research has shown that the right nare is larger in most people- try the right nare first. Advanced Airways Endotracheal Intubation Indications of endotracheal intubation. Routine To provide anaesthesia Emergency Airway obstruction Respiratory distress Oxygenation failure (hypoxia)/Acute Ventilation failure (hypercarbia)/Acute Mental status alteration (GCS<8/15)/Acute Flail chest/Pulmonary contusion/Acute Cardio pulmonary resuscitation/Acute Endotracheal tubes are used for patients undergoing a procedure that requires general anesthesia and/or mechanical ventilation. They are inserted either through the nose or the mouth past the epiglottis and vocal cords into the trachea and down to where the trachea bifurcates into the bronchi. ET tubes are not usually left in place for more than 14 days as doing so places the patient at risk for infection and airway injury. Endotracheal tubes are made of a flexible plastic material and are available in a variety of sizes. The size used depends on the age and size of the patient. For adult patients, the ET tube will usually have a cuff that is inflated with air after insertion to prevent air from leaking around the tube and to prevent oral and gastric secretions from being aspirated. Endotracheal Intubation Use of Devices to Confirm Tube Placement Postintubation Care Automatic Transport Ventilators Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube Laryngeal Mask Airway The LMA provides a more secure and reliable means of ventilation than the face mask. Here are further guidelines. Tracheostomy tube Do not go ahead with surgery without second and third consultation from senior physicians for verification of diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Tracheostomy tubes are used for long-term airway support. They are inserted through a small opening in the neck into the trachea. This type of airway may be permanent or temporary depending on the patient’s condition and reason for the tracheostomy. Tracheostomy tubes are made of either plastic or metal and are available in a variety of sizes. Because metal tracheostomy tubes are temperature-sensitive, they must be protected from heat and cold to prevent tissue injury. Like ET tubes, tracheostomy tubes may have a cuff that is inflated with air after insertion. Most tracheostomy tubes have an inner cannula that is temporarily removed during tracheostomy care. Of the various types of airway management devices, a tracheostomy tube is the only one whose placement requires a surgical procedure. Postoperatively, the nursing priority is maintaining a patient airway. Tube obstruction is a major complication, as is tube dislodgement during the first 72 hours postoperatively. It is essential to keep a manual resuscitation bag, a tracheostomy tube of the same size and type, and a tracheostomy insertion tray at the patient’s bedside. Some other possible complications are pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, hemorrhage (although small amounts of blood are to be expected), and infection, manifested by purulent drainage, erythema, pain, and edema. Case scenario On-the-spot emergency medical diagnosis and treatment Case scenario 1. Case scenario 2. Trauma medical emergencies Case scenario 3. Trauma medical emergencies Case scenario 4. November 30, 2012, case scenario of Aswell Selmon. Case scenario 1. When, where, what has happened? On January 15, 2016, in Kashmir, a bus was on its way from Udhampur to Basant Garh and was involved in a crash near Ramnagar area, with 12 individuals killed. How should have they managed this trauma emergency? On the spot diagnosis and treatment. 12 individual were dead. They should have done on the spot diagnosis and treatment in this situation. Injured can be shifted to hospital after early management of trauma on the spot. Injured could have been shifted to sub-district hospital Ramnagar for treatment after early management of trauma on the spot. What did those who managed this medical emergency do to save 12 of those who died due to trauma on the spot? They should have done on the spot diagnosis and treatment. This means they were not educated properly to manage such a medical emergency. v If police patrolling officer would have done chin lift or jaw thrust, or if airway adjuncts had been required, there would have been a greater possibility of survival for the 12 individuals who died on January 15, 2016. Early Management of Severe Trauma Police officers, particularly police patrolling officers Why do police patrolling officers need to know early management of severe trauma? Usually, police patrolling officers know about trauma incident before emergency medical responders reaches the scene, physicians. Simple techniques by police patrolling officer can save life of a severe trauma patient. What do police patrolling officers have to do in severe trauma cases? Can the patient speak relevant to age? If yes, the airway is likely to be clear. Ask patient these questions. How are you? Can I see you identity card? No response. Position the patient properly. Position of patient on spot. Supine Airway maintenance 1. Chin lift or jaw thrust. 2. Airway adjuncts may be required. Police officer can do these above mentioned maneuvers by the time physicians or paramedics arrive. Physician medical emergency room Physician surgeon medical emergency Physician medical emergency responder Paramedics Other advanced practitioners use ATLS Police officers, particularly police patrolling officers Others relevant to requirement What do you have to do? 1. Chin lift or jaw thrust. 2. Airway adjuncts may be required. 3. If the airway is blocked (e.g., by blood or vomit), the fluid must be cleaned out of the patient's mouth with the help of suctioning instruments. 4. In case of obstruction, pass an endotracheal tube. If the airway is blocked (e.g., by blood or vomit), the fluid must be cleaned out of the patient's mouth with the help of suctioning instruments. In case of obstruction, pass an endotracheal tube. Prevention of trauma Fix the underlying cause of trauma. There are more than 12 causes of trauma. Gun harms prevention. Here are further guidelines. http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/gunviolence.html Prevention of trauma due to road traffic crashes. Take public transportation. Identify high risk locations for public transportation and fix the issues in the state and outside the state. Identify high risk vehicles for public transportation and fix them. Fix the underlying cause of trauma. There are more than 12 causes of trauma. Last Updated: August 10, 2023