Qureshi University, Advanced courses, via cutting edge technology, News, Breaking News | Latest News And Media | Current News
admin@qureshiuniversity.com

Admissions | Catalog | Colleges | Contact Us | Continents/States/Districts | Contracts | Examinations | Forms | Grants | Hostels | Instructors | Lecture | Librarians | Membership | Professional Examinations | Recommendations | Research Grants | Researchers | Students login | Schools | Search | Study Center/Centre | Universities | Volunteer

English Language
State department of English language

Last Updated: February 5, 2015
What are four English language skills?

Writing is the fourth of the four language skills and usually the one that we learn last:
Listening (Understanding)
Speaking
Reading
Writing

Would you like to improve your English language?

What best describes your English language learning goals?

http://www.qureshiuniversity.org/englishlanguagelearning.html

English Language Learners

http://www.qureshiuniversity.org/englishlanguage.html
Age-specific English language
Alphabet
Animals Names
Basics of English Grammar
Bathroom
Bedroom
Colors
Counting Chart: Numbers 1 to 100
Computers
Days of the Week
Dictionary
Documents
English Editing Service
English Greetings
English Language and Mathematics
English Is the Official Language
English Language Abilities
English language reading abilities.
English language speaking abilities.
English language writing abilities.
English language understanding abilities.
English Language Learners
English Glossary
English Grammer
English Language
English Language Center
Examinations
Glossary
Human body
Letters
List of English Irregular Verbs
List of Regular Verbs
Media Education
Media Reports.
Noun
Seasons
Spoken English
Teacher Education Program
Telephone Conversations
Telling the Time
Words Commonly Confused
Word Order in English Sentences
Word meaning
Words with More than One Job
Words (html format)
Word processor
Why is a state department of English language essential?
English is the official language.
Linguistics should go ahead side by side.

What abilities should you have relevant to the English language?
English language reading abilities.
English language speaking abilities.
English language writing abilities.
English language understanding abilities.
English language translation to other language if you were raised in another language for the first 18 years of your life.

What is the best method for you to learn the English language?
Associate with good charactered, well behaved, English speaking individuals.
Make it a habit to have English language discussions with good charactered, well behaved individuals every day.
Read English documents every day.
Write an English language page every day.

Why should you particularly associate with good charactered, well behaved, English speaking individuals?
If there is a bad charactered, badly behaved, harmful individual or individuals, you can be harmed.

How should you teach the English language to an individual or individuals who were raised with some other language, or even to a child?
You need to follow these guidelines.

There are 10 main categories of English language courses.
English language words with images.
English language words.
English language words with meaning (glossary).
English language grammar words with meaning (grammar glossary)
English grammar (English language words with meanings, inflections, phrases, clauses, and sentences.)
English language dictionary and thesaurus.
English language reading abilities.
English language speaking abilities.
English language writing abilities.
English language understanding abilities.
English language translation to other languages.
If an individual is new to the English language or even if a child has to learn the English language, Words in the English language with images are taught first. The English glossary is taught later.
Total abilities learned should be reading English documents, speaking English, understanding English, and writing English documents.

What do you have to do if you have some experience in the English language and would like to improve your English language understanding abilities, English language reading abilities, English language speaking abilities, and English language writing abilities?
You need to answer these questions.

http://www.qureshiuniversity.org/englishlanguage.html

http://www.qureshiuniversity.org/englishlanguagelearning.html

What do you have to do if you have to improve your English language usage relevant to a specific profession?
Here are further guidelines.
http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/professionsworld.html

Is the English language ever going to change?
No.

Why is the English language that exists in the year 2014 not going to change?
Take a look at the English language and mathematics. There are mathematical answers to questions relevant to the English language.
If analysis of any English language document is required, refer to this document: http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/englishlanguageandmathematics.html
Analysis of English language documents.
Customized English language courses.

If you have specific difficulties in learning the English language, customized courses need to be designed.

What is your primary language or mother tongue?
Your primary language or mother tongue is the language you learned at home or in the community during your first 18 years of life.

In what area exactly are you having difficulty in learning the English language?
English language speaking.
English language writing.
English language reading.
English language understanding.

What abilities should you have relevant to the English language?
English language reading abilities.
English language speaking abilities.
English language writing abilities.
English language understanding abilities.
English language translation to other language if you were raised in another language for the first 18 years of your life.
English Glossary
English language books

What English language books should an 18-year-old individual have?
English language word Book.
English language glossary Book.
English language grammar Book.
English language dictionary.
English language thesaurus.
English language documents.
English language human resources.
English language writing guidelines.
English language speaking guidelines.
English language reading guidelines.
English language translation from other languages.
Why should one have these English language books?
At some point of life, one will need these books.

Why are so many English language books needed?
There are specific English language books that help one to understand the English language.
Other English language books help in reading, writing, and speaking the English language.

What should you know about the English language?

Semantics

What do words and sentences mean?

Lexicology

How are words formed?

Grammar and discourse studies

How are words organized into larger structures?
Language and culture, sociolinguistics

How does language relate to the society we live in?

Stylistics

How is language used in literature?

Phonetics and phonology

How is English language pronounced?

Orthography and graphology

How is English language written?

Onomastics

How do names arise and what do they mean?

Lexicography

How do dictionaries and thesauruses work?

Historical linguistics

How and why has English changed in the last 1500 years?

Old and Middle English literature

What kind of literature survives from the medieval period?

Study of manuscripts and olden printed materials/books.

How is olden days literature transmitted?

Here are further guidelines.
Existing English Language Authors
English Vocabulary
    English Alphabet
    English Numbers
    English Colors
    English Phrases
English language has mathematical answers.
English Pronunciation
    What should you know about English pronunciation?
    English Sounds
    English Vowels
    English Consonants
    English Suprasegmentals
English Grammar
    Verbs be, have, do, work
    Nouns man, town, music
    Adjectives a, the, 11, big
    Adverbs loudly, well, often
    Pronouns you, ours, some
    Prepositions at, in, on, from
    Conjunctions and, but, though
    Interjections ah, dear, er, um

    English Tenses
    English Sentences
    English Sentence Patterns
English Language Tools
    English Verb Conjugation
    English Test
    English Dictionaries
    English Synonym Dictionary
    English Antonym Dictionary
    Pronunciation
    Translation
English Language
    English History
    English Statistics
English Punctuation
English Teacher/Teachers Education
English Language Degree
English for Specific Purposes
    Associate's Degree in English
      Freelance writer
      Proofreader
      Research assistant
    Bachelor's Degree in English
      Teacher
      Advertising copywriter
      Journalist
    Master's Degree in English
      Professor
      Public relations executive
      Editor
    Ph.D. in English
      Professor
      Publisher
      Author
English Language Style Guide
    Books
    Call for papers
    Catalog
English Software

    When should teachers, editors, and lexicographers encourage students to use English editing software?
    Here are further guidelines.
English language lexicographer
    What is an English language lexicographer?
    Here are further guidelines.
Essay
English Language Reports
Expressions heard in negotiating sessions
English as a Second Language (ESL)
English Language Schools
English for law
English Editing Service
Word
Dictionary
Global Consortium of English Language
High School English
Human Resources
Interrogatories
Interactive English Language Exercises

    Listen to English
    Reading Comprehension
    Spoken English
    Writing
Listen to English
Learning English
    English courses Online
    English courses Abroad
Linguistics
Meeting
Manuscript Submission Checklist
Media programs for English language

    Who should sponsor media programs for English language?
    Various states should sponsor media programs for English language.
    Display them on Jadoo TV.
    Here are further guidelines.
Origins of English Language
Publication
Punctuation
Qureshi Dictionary
Reading a document in English
Report
Software
Social Studies
Social Skills
Statement of Purpose
Spoken English

Would you like to improve your spoken English?
Teaching English
    Tips for teachers of English
    Courses for teachers of English
Teacher Training College
Teaching methods

What are other terms for teaching methods?
Teaching techniques.

What are common methods of teaching?
Internet education, discussion, demonstration, and lecture, are the common methods of teaching.
http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/interneteducation.html

What are the best methods of teaching?
Internet education is one of the best methods of teaching.
http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/interneteducation.html

Discussion relevant to the topic is another good method of teaching.

Why is Internet education one of the best methods of teaching?
If the resource like www.qureshiuniversity.com is available, research has revealed that better learning occurs than the best classroom education.

Why is discussion relevant to a topic one of the best methods of teaching?
Research has revealed that discussion helps in learning quickly.
Here are further guidelines.
Telephone answering message guidelines
Telephone Conversations
Teaching Americans how to write better English
What is The Value of the Graduate Record Examinations?
What is EFL, ESL, TEFL/TESOL, TESL, TESOL, ELT etc?
Take a look at this
Questions, Comments, Suggestions, Compliments

admin@qureshiuniversity.com
Q: Who may take an English language refresher course?
A: If you studied in an English language or medium school, college, or university and find your skills and knowledge deficient, you may take an English language refresher course.

Q: Who may take English as second language course?
A: If you studied in a non-English language or English medium school, college, or university, you may take English as second language.

Q: Who may take English teacher education?
A: If you plan to be an English language teacher, you need to take English teacher education. It is essential that teachers of other subjects know the English language.
Words
Writing in the English language
World University Rankings by Subject 2012
Work-specific Training
English language glossary Book.
This book has been authored by Asif Qureshi.
Glossary
What is an example of an English glossary?
What are the types of glossary in English language?
What is the meaning of the word glossary?
What is an English glossary?
What is an example of an English glossary?
What is the plural of glossary?
What is another word for glossary?
What are various formats of glossary in the English language?
What is term?
Is there a difference between glossary and dictionary?
What is the difference between glossary and dictionary?
What are the types of glossary in English language?
How do you write a glossary in the English language?
What do you have to do to improve your English language abilities relevant to your age?
What is an English language alphabet?
How many letters of the alphabet are in the English language?
What is an example of English language alphabet?
What is an English language word?
What are examples of English language words?
What is a dictionary?
What is an example of an English glossary?
What are the types of glossary in English language?

Air Force Air Force Glossary
Aviation Glossary of Aviation Terms
Automotive Terms Glossary of Automotive Terms
Agricultural Glossary of Agricultural Terms
Book Publishing Terms Book Publishing Terms
Boiler terms Glossary of boiler terms
Computer terms Glossary of computer terms
Corrections Corrections glossary.
Chemistry Glossary of chemistry terms
Conflict Glossary Glossary
Cooking Cooking glossary
Economy and Budget Glossary
English language Glossary of English language terms
Education Glossary of teaching terms
Engineering Glossary of engineering
Electricity Glossary of Electricity Terms
Fabric Fabric Glossary
Food Food glossary
Forensic Science Glossary Glossary of Forensic Terms
Fishery terms Glossary of fishery terms
Human Resource Glossary of Human Resource Management
Kitchen Tools and Utensils Glossary Of Kitchen Utensils
Library Glossary of library terms
Legal Glossary of legal terms
Legislative Terms Glossary of Legislative Terms
Medical terms Glossary of medical terms
Police Glossary of Police Terms
Publication printing Glossary of Printing & Graphic Terms
Pressure Glossary of Pressure Calibration Terms
Philosophy Glossary of philosophy
Railroad Terminology Glossary of rail transport terms
Structural Engineering Glossary of Structural Engineering Terms
Statistics Glossary of Statistical Terms
Scientific naming Glossary of scientific naming
Telecommunications Glossary of Telecommunications Terms
Textiles Glossary of textiles
Weather Weather Glossary and Terminology
Glossary

What is the meaning of the word glossary?
A glossary is a list of words with their meanings in specific language.

English Glossary

What is an English glossary?
An English glossary is a list of words with their meanings relevant to the English language and other subjects.

What is the plural of glossary?
The plural form of glossary is glossaries.

What is another word for glossary?
Vocabulary
Lexicon
Clavis
Word meaning list
Appendix
Supplement
Dictionary (dictionary has more than a glossary, like word meaning, pronunciation, parts of speech, etc.)

What are various formats of glossary in the English language?
Glossary can be in an electronic format document.
Glossary can be in a separate book format.
Glossary can be at the end of a book with a few pages of glossary.

What is term?
A word or group of words designating something, especially in a particular field, as an English noun in the English language, prayer in theology, coaching in education, or state/world leader in politics.

Is there a difference between glossary and dictionary?
Yes.

What is the difference between glossary and dictionary?
A glossary is a list of words with meaning.
A dictionary has a list of words with meaning, pronunciation, parts of speech, etc.

Glossary in English language.

How do you write a glossary in the English language?
Writing a glossary means compiling a list of words with their meanings.

Each word should be followed with a definition of the word with specific punctuation.
Punctuation can be
colon :
comma ,
dash —
hyphen -
period (full stop).
semicolon ;
at relevant location in a sentence, as shown in the examples.
Each word with definition can be written in various formats or patterns.

Take a look at the examples.

Glossary

1. Glossary means a list of words with their meanings in specific language.
2. Glossary: A list of words with their meanings in specific language.
3. Glossary. A list of words with their meanings in specific language.
4. Glossary – a list of words with their meanings in specific language.
5. Glossary - is a word that means list of words with their meanings in specific language.
6. Glossary is a word that means list of words with their meanings in specific language.
7. Glossary

A list of words with their meanings in specific language.

Do you know any other example similar to those above?

What do you have to do to improve your English language abilities relevant to your age?
Age-specific English language guidelines should be sought.
Associate with individual or individuals who understand, read, write, and speak the English language.
Listen to English language programs every day.
Maintain an English language glossary with yourself.
Make specific Internet resource like www.qureshiuniversity.com your favorite internet resource.
Read English language materials every day.
Speak in English language every day.
Verify with others if there are any errors in your English language usage.
Write an English language page every day, preferably in question-and-answer format.

What is an English language alphabet?
How many letters of the alphabet are in the English language?
What is an example of English language alphabet?
What is an English language word?
What are examples of English language words?
What is a dictionary?
Here are further guidelines.

Basics of English Grammar
How is English grammar usually taught?
See the sequence of topics with relevant questions.

What are prerequisites to teach English grammar relevant to students?
Students must have basic orientation, insight of English words.

What is the best method to teach English grammar?
Start with types of sentences in the English language.
At the end of teaching, students must know everything about various English language sentences and various English language documents.
  1. Noun

  2. Singular and Plural Nouns

  3. Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns

  4. Possessive Nouns

  5. Pronouns

  6. 'Be' Verbs

  7. Action Verbs

  8. Adjectives

  9. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

  10. Adverbs

  11. Simple Tense

  12. Progressive and Perfect Tense

  13. Perfect Progressive Tense

  14. Irregular Verbs

  15. Gerunds

  16. Infinitives

  17. Active Voice and Passive Voice

  18. Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood

  19. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Be,' 'Do,' 'Have'

  20. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Will/Would,' 'Shall/Should'

  21. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Can/Could,' 'May/Might/Must'

  22. Prepositions - 'On,' 'At,' 'In'

  23. Prepositions - 'Of,' 'To,' 'For'

  24. Prepositions - 'With,' 'Over,' 'By'

  25. Conjunctions - Coordinating and Correlative

  26. Conjunctions - Subordinating

  27. Conjunctive Adverbs

  28. Articles - Indefinite and Definite

  29. Interjections

  30. Capitalization

  31. English Language and Mathematics

  32. English Grammar Rules of Writing Sentences

  33. Document Types in English language

Noun
What should you know about nouns in the English language?
Annotation or definition.
Types of nouns.
Example sentences with nouns.
Quiz relevant to nouns.
Ten functions of a noun in the English language.
Singular and plural nouns.
Rules while making singular and plural nouns in the English language.
Possessive nouns.
Count nouns and noncount nouns.
What is a noun?
What are the different types of nouns?
What are various examples of nouns?
What are the ten functions of a noun in the English language?
What rules should you follow while making singular nouns to plural in the English language?
What are examples of count nouns and noncount nouns?
Why does knowing the difference between count and noncount nouns necessary?
How do you use count and noncount nouns with adjectives?
A singular count noun must have a determiner. What are examples of determiners?
What class of word or part of speech do determiners belong to?
What are examples of sentences using determiners?
What are the categories of noncount nouns?
What is a count noun and what is a noncount noun?
What are examples of quantifiers before noncount nouns?
What are examples of sentences using count nouns and noncount nouns?
Identifying Nouns
What is an abstract noun?
How are you doing on a quiz relevant to this topic?
What are examples of abstract nouns?
What are examples of collective nouns?
What is a common noun?
What is a compound noun?
What is a concrete noun?
What are countable nouns?
What are uncountable nouns?
What are nouns that can be countable and uncountable?
How are countable nouns preceded?
Which is not a noun?
Countable/Uncountable Multiple Choice Quiz
Count and Noncount Nouns
What are Proper Nouns?
Plural Noun Forms
What is the difference between types and forms of nouns?
What is a noun clause?
What words are signs of a noun clause?
What can a noun clause do in a sentence?
What can a noun clause do in a sentence?
When are commas needed with a noun clause?
Can a word be both a noun and a verb?
What’s the difference between nouns and verbs?
Can you create your own funny sentences using the same word as a noun and a verb?
Rules for Irregular Plural Formation of Nouns
Irregular Nouns
What is a noun phrase?
What is a phrase?
What is a clause?
In most cases the adjectives are placed before the noun.
What is a Noun Clause?
How do you make a noun clause?
How to form a Noun Clause
When to use a Noun Clause
Possessive Nouns
How do we write the "noun as adjective"?
What is the correct order for two or more adjectives?
What's the difference between a gerund and a participle?
What are the sentences that have proper noun with the word the?
Why is this important?
Why do some nouns have no plural?


Do you think any other questions need to be added?
What is a noun?
A noun is a person, place, thing or idea.

A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action. A noun can function as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or object of a preposition.

What are the different types of nouns?
There are eight types of nouns:
    Proper nouns
    Common nouns
    Countable nouns
    Uncountable nouns
    Collective nouns
    Concrete nouns
    Abstract nouns
    Mass nouns

    1. Proper nouns

    Used to describe a unique person or thing, proper nouns always start with a capital letter. Examples include January, Sunday

    2. Common nouns

    Common nouns are used to describe persons or things in general. Examples include girl, woman, writer, teacher, beagle, cookie, company, month, book, film, document, man, boy, school, and team

    3. Concrete nouns

    Nouns that can be perceived through the five senses are called concrete nouns. Examples include ball, rainbow and melody.

    4. Abstract nouns

    Nouns that cannot be perceived through the five senses are called abstract nouns. Examples include love, courage, and childhood.

    5. Countable nouns

    Countable nouns can be counted. They also have both a singular and a plural form. Examples include toys, children and books.

    6. Non-countable nouns

    These nouns (usually) can not be counted, and they don’t have a plural form. Examples include sympathy, laughter and oxygen.

    7. Collective nouns

    Collective nouns are used to describe groups of things. Examples include flock, committee.

    8. Mass nouns

    What are count nouns and non-count nouns?
    Count nouns and non-count nouns can be identified by the use of the following noun markers or articles:
    * These words indicate singular count nouns: a/an, each, every, either, neither

    * These words indicate plural count nouns: these, those, a few, several, many

    * These words indicate singular non-count nouns: this, that

    * These words indicate plural non-count nouns: some, any



    Different types of nouns

    There are different types of nouns:

    1. An abstract noun names an idea, event, quality, or concept (freedom, love, courage...) Concrete nouns name something recognizable through the sense (table, dog, house...)

    2. Animate nouns refer to a person, animal, or other creature (man, elephant, chicken...) An inanimate noun refers to a material object (stone, wood, table...)

    3. A collective noun describes a group of things or people as a unit (family, flock, audience...)

    4. Common noun is the name of a group of similar things (table, book, window...) Proper nouns, however, refer to the name of a single person, place or thing (Asif, Qureshi, Chicago...)

    5. Compound nouns refer to two or more nouns combined to form a single noun (_______, schoolgirl, fruit juice)

    6. Countable (or count) nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. (friends, chairs, houses, boys...) Uncountable (or non count) nouns, however, can only be used in singular. They can't be counted. (money, bread, water, coffee...)
What are various examples of nouns?

Noun Type

Examples

Common Nouns name people, places or things that are not specific.man, mountain, state, ocean, building, cat, airline
Proper Nouns name specific people, places, or things.Walt Disney, Mount Kilimanjaro, Minnesota, Atlantic Ocean, Australia, Empire State Building, Fluffy, Sun
Abstract Nouns name nouns that you can't perceive with your five sense. love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear, religion, belief, history, communication
Concrete Nouns name nouns that you can perceive with your five senses.house, ocean, Uncle Mike, bird, photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun, dog, suitcase, flowers
Countable Nouns name nouns that you can count.bed, cat, movie, train, book, phone, match, speaker, clock, pen, David, violin
Uncountalbe Nouns name nouns that you can't count.milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food, music
Compound Nouns are made up of two or more words.tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York, photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails, sunlight, snowflake
Collective Nouns refer to things or people as a unit.bunch, audience, flock, team, group, family, band, village
Singular Nouns name one person, place, thing, or idea.cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby, match
Plural Nouns name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys, babies, matches

What are the ten functions of a noun in the English language?

English Nouns and Noun Phrases
The Ten Functions of Nouns in English Grammar

Nouns including pronouns and noun phrases perform ten main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the ten functions to fully and correctly use nouns and noun phrases in spoken and written English. The ten functions of nouns and noun phrases are:

1. Subject
2. Predicate nominative
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Noun phrase modifier
8. Possessive modifier
9. Appositive
10. Adverbial

Nouns are traditionally defined as "persons, places, things, and ideas." Noun phrases are defined as phrases that consist of a noun or pronoun and any number of modifiers including adjectives (tiny, purple, loud), possessive adjectives (my, your, his), adverbs (very, extremely, unusually), determiners (the, a, an), and prepositional phrases.

Nouns as Subjects

The first grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the subject of clauses. A clause is defined as consisting of a subject and predicate. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as subjects:

* The baby cried.
* Dogs and cats make excellent pets.
* I will have extensively studied English grammar.

Nouns as Predicate Nominatives

The second grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the predicate nominative. Predicate nominatives are defined as nouns and noun phrases that follow a copular or linking verb such as be and become and refer back to the subject. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as predicate nominatives:

* My grandfather is a farmer.
* Our favorite pets are dogs.
* The woman whom you are looking for is she.

The third grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the direct object. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as direct objects:

* The children ate all the cookies.
* My professor recommended an extremely captivating book.
* The woman has always hated mice.

Nouns as Object Complements

The fourth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the object complement. Object complements are defined as nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, adjectives, and adjective phrases that directly follow and modify the direct object. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as object complements:

* We consider our puppy our baby.
* My aunt calls my uncle sweetheart.
* America recently ________ _________ president.

Nouns as Indirect Objects

The fifth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the indirect object. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as indirect objects:

* My _________ bought me flowers.
* The child drew his mother a picture.
* The salesman sold the companynew computers.

Nouns as Prepositional Complements

The sixth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the prepositional complement. Prepositional complements are defined as the word or phrase that functions as the object of a preposition. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as prepositional complements:

* My _______ bought flowers for me.
* The students studied during their spring break.
* Because of the lengthy delay, we missed our flight.

Nouns as Noun Phrase Modifiers

The seventh grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the noun phrase modifier. Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words and phrases that describe a noun or noun phrase. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as noun phrase modifiers:

* The child actor won an award.
* The carpenter fixed the broken table leg.
* We reserved twenty hotel rooms.

Nouns as Possessive Modifiers

The eighth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the possessive modifier. Possessive modifiers consist of a noun or noun phrase and the possessive clitic (apostrophe s or s apostrophe) and describe another noun or noun phrase. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as possessive modifiers:

* My brother's apartment is small.
* The food I spilled is the dog's.
* The librarians' report was informative.

Nouns as Appositives

The ninth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the appositive. Appositives are defined as nouns and noun phrases that modify or explain another noun or noun phrase. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as appositives:

* My grandfather the farmer bought more farm land.
* The teacher, my uncle, assigns a lot of homework.
* The musician Stevie Nicks is a singer in Fleetwood Mac.

Nouns as Adverbials

The tenth grammatical function that nouns and noun phrases can perform is the adverbial. Adverbials are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that modify an entire clause by providing information such as time, place, manner, condition, reason, or purpose. For example, the following italicized nouns and noun phrases function as adverbials:

* Today the children woke up early.
* Yesterday the children slept in late.
* We decided to go home.

The ten functions of nouns and noun phrases in English are subject, predicate nominative, direct object, object complement, indirect object, prepositional complement, noun phrase modifier, possessive modifier, appositive, and adverbial. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the ten functions in order to properly and fully use the English language in both spoken and written forms.
Noun

A noun is a word that represents a person, a place, or a thing. A thing in this definition can be a physical entity or it can be an abstract idea. A noun may be used as a subject of a sentence, as a direct object, as an indirect object, or it may be used as the object of a preposition. Some additional noun applications are addressed below. Some examples of noun usage appear in the following sentences.

noun as subject
Carpenters drive nails with air powered guns.
Blackhawk was a famous American Indian.
If it were Friday, John would be here.

Carpenters is the subject of the first sentence. Blackhawk is the subject of the second sentence. Blackhawk is the name of a person. A noun that represents the name of a person or a specific place is a proper noun. Some other nouns are also proper nouns, e.g., September, Easter, Holocaust. A proper noun is capitalized regardless of its position in the sentence. John is the subject of the third sentence.
noun as direct object

Mr. Liu washed the car.

The authorities commended Roberta.

Identify a direct object by asking what or whom. First sentence. Mr. Liu washed what? Answer: car. Car is the direct object of the verb washed.

Second sentence. The authorities commended whom? Answer: Roberta. Roberta is the direct object of the verb commended.
noun as indirect object
I sent Stephanie the camera.

He bought the dog a kennel.

Identify an indirect object by asking to what, for what, or to whom, for whom.

First sentence. I sent the camera to whom? Answer: Stephanie. Stephanie is the indirect object.

Second sentence. He bought a kennel for what? Answer: dog. Dog is the indirect object.
noun as object of a preposition He pulled the little red wagon to the store.

From her perspective, the meeting was a success.

First sentence. The preposition is to, and the object of that preposition is the noun store.

Second sentence: The preposition is from, and the object of that preposition is the noun perspective. predicate noun

An intransitive verb cannot accept an object. A noun that follows an intransitive verb and completes the meaning of a sentence is called a complement. The word complement means to complete. A sentence has a subject and a predicate. Predicate is a generic term that includes those parts of the sentence that explain the subject of the sentence. The noun that follows an intransitive verb and completes the predicate may also be called a predicate noun or predicate nominative.

Note that a predicate noun is an alternate word for the subject of the sentence.

Mr. Chiao is a violinist.

I am a candidate.

Mr. Martinez will be governor.

In the first sentence above Mr. Chiao is the subject, and violinist is the predicate noun. The subject of the second sentence is I, and the predicate noun is candidate. Mr. Martinez is the subject of the third sentence, and the predicate noun is governor.

appositive noun

Appositive means near. In English grammar an appositive is a noun or pronoun placed near another noun or pronoun. The appositive enhances our understanding of the original noun or pronoun.

My sister, Ann, is in town for the reunion.

Miguel, the valedictorian, will deliver the commencement oration.

"We, the people. . . ."

In the first sentence above, my sister is the subject of the sentence, and Ann is the appositive. Miguel is the subject of the second sentence, and valedictorian is the appositive.
noun as possessive modifier A noun can be used to modify another noun. That is, a noun can function as an adjective or adverb. A noun can also convey a sense of possession. Consider the following example. The town's water supply is in jeopardy.

The word town is a noun. In the sentence above the word town's identifies which water supply is in jeopardy. Town's is possessive case. The town possesses the water supply. noun functioning as an adjective

The water pump is broken.

The word water is a noun, but in this application it functions as an adjective that describes the kind of pump. noun functioning as an adverb

I walked home.

The word home is a noun, but in this application it functions as an adverb that defines where I walked.

noun description

class proper noun, or common noun

number singular, or plural

gender feminine, or masculine, or neuter

case nominative, or objective, or possessive

syntax grammatical relationship of the noun to other words in the sentence.

In generations past the first six or eight years of public education were conducted in schools that were frequently called "grammar schools." Students were often rigorously instructed in English grammar. A student might have been asked to parse a sentence. Parse means to take apart and describe as a noun could be described using the information given above. The term parse is currently (circa 2003) enjoying popularity among computer programmers.

What rules should you follow while making singular nouns to plural in the English language?
Rules Singular Plural
Most nouns just add s. cat cats
Many nouns ending with a consonant + y change the y to i and add es. baby babies
Nouns ending with a vowel + y just add s. toy toys
Nouns ending with ch, sh, ss or x add es. church churches
Many nouns ending with f or fe change this to a v and add es. loaf loaves
Nouns ending with a vowel + o add s. radio radios
Nouns ending with a consonant + o add es. volcano volcanoes
Underline the noun in each sentence below. On the line next to the sentence, tell whether the noun is singular or plural.
1. The squirrel is running fast. _______________________
2. Three of the plates are round. _______________________
3. My grandmother is very kind. _______________________
4. They gave her a nice gift. _______________________
5. Answer the telephone, please. _______________________
6. My crayons are broken. _______________________
7. Have you seen my keys? _______________________
8. That map is old. _______________________
9. It flew in the sky. _______________________
10. There are ten fish. _______________________

Underline the noun in each sentence below. On the line next to the sentence, tell whether the noun is singular or plural.
1. The squirrel is running fast. singular
2. Three of the plates are round. plural
3. My grandmother is very kind. singular
4. They gave her a nice gift . singular
5. Answer the telephone , please. singular
6. My crayons are broken. plural
7. Have you seen my keys ? plural
8. That map is old. singular
9. It flew in the sky . singular
10. There are ten fish . plural

Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns
Count Nouns
Noncount Nouns

Research in the English Language
When should you do research in English language?
If any English-language questions have not be written, researched, or answered, English language research must go ahead. If you researched on the Internet up to February 14, 2015, the following questions were not available:

Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns

What are examples of count nouns and noncount nouns?
Why does knowing the difference between count and noncount nouns necessary?
How do you use count and noncount nouns with adjectives?
A singular count noun must have a determiner. What are examples of determiners?
What class of word or part of speech do determiners belong to?
What are examples of sentences using determiners?
What are the categories of noncount nouns?
What is a count noun and what is a noncount noun?
What are examples of quantifiers before noncount nouns?
What are examples of sentences using count nouns and noncount nouns?
Do you think any other questions need to be added?

Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns

What are examples of count nouns and noncount nouns?
Count Nouns

assignment
award
bagel
book
bottle
candidate
chair
finger
hurricane
remark
smile
table
word

Countable nouns

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

Singular Plural
one dog two dogs
one horse two horses
one man two men
one idea two ideas
one shop two shops

Examples

She has three dogs.
I own a house.
I would like two books please.
How many friends do you have?

Noncount Nouns

air
anger
beauty
courage
education
evidence
fear
flour
furniture
happiness
homework
information
knowledge
leisure
love
money
progress
research
rice
safety
sugar
tea
warmth
water
weather

Why does knowing the difference between count and noncount nouns necessary?
Knowing the difference between count and noncount nouns will help you do the following:
Use the noun plural ending -s correctly
Use the appropriate type of article: definite (the) or indefinite (a or an)
Use words that express quantities, such as little, much, . . .

A singular count noun must have a determiner. What are examples of determiners?
Types of Determiners

Definite article: the
Indefinite articles: a, an
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Pronouns and possessive determiners: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Quantifiers: a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
Numbers: one, ten, thirty
Distributives: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
Difference words: other, another
Pre-determiners: such, what, rather, quite
Interrogatives: what, which, whose (possessive interrogative determiner)

What class of word or part of speech do determiners belong to?

Most determiners have been traditionally classed with adjectives, and this still occurs. For example, demonstrative and possessive determiners are sometimes described as demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives, respectively. Some classify determiners as a separate entity within adjectives.

What is a count noun and what is a noncount noun?
Countable nouns

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

Singular Plural
one dog two dogs
one horse two horses
one man two men
one idea two ideas
one shop two shops
Examples
  • She has three dogs.
  • I own a house.
  • I would like two books please.
  • How many friends do you have?

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.

Examples
  • tea
  • sugar
  • water
  • air
  • rice
  • knowledge
  • beauty
  • anger
  • fear
  • love
  • money
  • research
  • safety
  • evidence

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of , or else use an exact measurement like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of. If you want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"

Examples
  • There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
  • He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
  • Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
  • He did not have much sugar left.
  • Measure 1 cup of water, 300g of flour, and 1 teaspoon of salt.
  • How much rice do you want?

Tricky spots

Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. They must follow the rules for uncountable nouns. The most common ones are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information, luggage, news, progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work

Examples
  • I would like to give you some advice.
  • How much bread should I bring?
  • I didn't make much progress today.
  • This looks like a lot of trouble to me.
  • We did an hour of work yesterday.

Be careful with the noun hair which is normally uncountable in English, so it is not used in the plural. It can be countable only when referring to individual hairs.

Examples
  • She has long blond hair.
  • The child's hair was curly.
  • I washed my hair yesterday.
  • My father is getting a few grey hairs now. (refers to individual hairs)
  • I found a hair in my soup! (refers to a single strand of hair)


  • How do you use count and noncount nouns with adjectives?

    Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

    The Basic Rules: Count and Noncount Nouns

    A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat—cats," "season—seasons," "student—students."

    A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, "milk," "water," "air," "money," "food." Usually, you can't say, "He had many moneys."

    Count and Noncount Nouns with Adjectives

    Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray." However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any," "much/many," and "little/few."

    Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.

    • "There is some water on the floor."
    • "There are some students here."
    • "Do you have any food?"
    • "Do you have any apples?"

    Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns.

    • "We don't have much time to get this done."
    • "Many Americans travel to Europe."

    Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns.

    • "He had little food in the house."
    • "The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room."

    Few modifies only countable nouns.

    • "There are few doctors in town."
    • "Few students like exams."

    Other basic rules

    A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.

    • "They have lots of (much) money in the bank."
    • "A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe."
    • "We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer."
    • "We got lots of (much) rain last summer."

    A little bit of:A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.

    • "There is a little bit of pepper in the soup."
    • "There is a little bit of snow on the ground."

    Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

    • "There is enough money to buy a car."
    • "I have enough books to read."

    Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

    • "They have plenty of money in the bank."
    • "There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland."

    No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

    • "There is no time to finish now."
    • "There are no squirrels in the park."


    What are the categories of noncount nouns?
    The chart below illustrates the different types of noncount nouns. Remember that these categories include other nouns that are count. For example, lightning, a natural event [one of the categories], is noncount, but hurricane, a different natural event, is a count noun. When you don't know what type of noun you have, consult a dictionary that provides such information.
    Category Examples
    Abstractions advice, courage, enjoyment, fun, help, honesty, information, intelligence, knowledge, patience, etc.
    Activities chess, homework, housework, music, reading, singing, sleeping, soccer, tennis, work, etc.
    Food beef, bread, butter, fish, macaroni, meat, popcorn, pork, poultry, toast, etc.
    Gases air, exhaust, helium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, pollution, smog, smoke, steam, etc.
    Groups of Similar Items baggage, clothing, furniture, hardware, luggage, equipment, mail, money, software, vocabulary, etc.
    Liquids blood, coffee, gasoline, milk, oil, soup, syrup, tea, water, wine, etc.
    Natural Events electricity, gravity, heat, humidity, moonlight, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, etc.
    Materials aluminum, asphalt, chalk, cloth, concrete, cotton, glue, lumber, wood, wool, etc.
    Particles or Grains corn, dirt, dust, flour, hair, pepper, rice, salt, sugar, wheat, etc.


    Know how to indicate number with noncount nouns.
    Thunder, a noncount noun, cannot have an s added at the end. You can, however, lie awake in bed counting the number of times you hear thunder boom during a storm.
    When you want to indicate number with a noncount word, you have two options. First, you can put of in front of the noncount word—for example, of thunder—and then attach the resulting prepositional phrase to an appropriate count word.
    Kristina heard seven claps of thunder.
    A second option is to make the noncount noun an adjective that you place before a count noun. Then you could write a sentence like this:
    Thunderheads filled the sky.
    Here are some more examples:
    Noncount Noun Countable Version
    advice pieces of advice
    homework homework assignments
    bread loaves of bread, slices of bread
    smoke puffs of smoke, plumes of smoke
    software software applications
    wine bottles of wine, glasses of wine
    snow snow storms, snowflakes, snow drifts
    cloth bolts of cloth, yards of cloth
    dirt piles of dirt, truckloads of dirt

    Understand that some nouns are both noncount and count.
    Sometimes a word that means one thing as a noncount noun has a slightly different meaning if it also has a countable version. Remember, then, that the classifications count and noncount are not absolute.
    Time is a good example. When you use this word to mean the unceasing flow of experience that includes past, present, and future, with no distinct beginning or end, then time is a noncount noun. Read this example:
    Time dragged as Simon sat through yet another boring chick flick with his girlfriend Roseanne.
    Time = noncount because it has no specific beginning and, for poor Simon, no foreseeable end.
    When time refers to a specific experience which starts at a certain moment and ends after a number of countable units [minutes, hours, days, etc.], then the noun is count. Here is an example:
    On his last to Disney World, Joe rode Space Mountain twenty-seven times.
    Times = count because a ride on Space Mountain is a measurable unit of experience, one that you can clock with a stopwatch.
    What are examples of sentences using determiners?
    Definite article : the
    Indefinite articles : a, an
    Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
    Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
    Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
    Numbers : one, ten, thirty
    Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
    Difference words : other, another
    Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite
    Here are further guidelines.

    Noun
    Here are further guidelines.

    What are examples of quantifiers before noncount nouns?
    COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

     

    A count noun is something we can count. It has a singular form and a plural form.

    ex: one book, three books; a leg, two legs; an apple, six apples;

    N.B. A singular count noun must have a Determiner .

     

    A non-count noun is something we don’t count. It has no plural form.

    We use quantifiers before non-count nouns:

    ex: fruit, some fruit; bread, a slice of bread; homework; a lot of homework; information, a little information

     

    The following are non-count nouns:

     

    Abstract nouns:

    advice

    art

    beauty

    confidence

    courage

    crime

    education

    enjoyment

    experience

    fun

    grammar

    happiness

    education

    hate

     

     

    health

    help

    homework

    honesty

    hospitality

    importance

    information

    intelligence

    justice

    knowledge

    laughter

    life

    love

    luck

     

    music

    news

    noise

    nutrition

    patience

    patience

    pride

    progress

    slang

    time

    truth

    unemployment

    vocabulary

    work

     

     

    Groups with individual parts

     

    cash

    change

    clothing

    equipment

    food

    fruit

    furniture

    garbage

     

    hardware

    homework

    jewelry

    junk

    junk

    luggage

    machinery

    mail

    makeup

    money

    news

    postage

    research

    scenery

    slang

    traffic

     

    Things with no definite form:

     

    Liquids

    beer

    blood

    coffee

    cream

    gasoline

    honey

    juice

    milk

    oil

    shampoo

    soup

    tea

    water

    wine

     

    Gases

    air

    carbon monoxide

    fire

    fog

    hydrogen

    oxygen

    pollution

    smoke

    steam

    Solids

    butter

    cheese

    cotton

    film

    flour

    glass

    ice

    ice cream

    meat

    powder

    salt

    soap

    sugar

    toothpaste

    wood

    wool

     

    Things that have tiny parts too small to count

     

    corn

    dirt

    dust

     

    grass

    hair

    rice

    salt

    sugar

    wheat

     

    Natural phenomena

     

    darkness

    dew

    electricity

    fire

    fog

    gravity

     

    heat

    humidity

    light

    lightning

    rain

    snow

    sunshine

    thunder

    weather

    wind

     

     

    Ailments

     

    cancer

    cholera

    flu

     

    heart disease

    malaria

    polio

    smallpox

    strep throat

     

     

    Academic subjects

     

    art

    biology

    chemistry

    economics

    engineering

     

    history

    linguistics

    literature

    mathematics

    music

    physics

    poetry

    psychology

    science

     

    Languages

     

    ________, Spanish, _______, etc.

     

    Words that can be count and non-count

     

    Food (non-count)

    chicken

    lamb

    liver

    fish

    Animal or animal part (count)

    a chicken

    a lamb

    a liver

    a fish

    non-count

    wine

    food

    fruit

    meat

    education

    experience

    count (means "a kind of ___")

    a wine, wines

    a food, foods

    a fruit, fruits

    a meat, meats

    an education

    an experience

    non-count

    glass (the material)

     

    paper (the material)

     

    iron (the metal)

    fire (the gas)

     

    time (an abstract idea)

    count

    a glass (something to put liquid in)

    a paper (a report or newspaper)

    an iron (for pressing clothes)

    a fire (one specific occurrence of fire)

    a time, times (a specific occurrence or period)

     

      

    Determiners:

      

     Articles:

     

    a/an (indefinite)

    the (definite)

     

    Demonstratives:

    this

    that

    these

    those

    Possessives:

     

    my

    our

    yours

    their

    her

    his

    its

     

    Quantifiers:

     

    some

    a few

    lots of

    several

    each

    every

    any

    most

    many

    all

    much

    no


    Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns

    Count nouns
    Can be counted as one or more.

    pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc.
    Take an s to form the plural.

    pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc.

    Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of).

    a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc.

    Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).

    a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc.
    Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).

    Non-count nouns

    Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

    water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.
    Generally cannot be pluralized.

    Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.

    Sugar is sweet.
    The sunshine is beautiful.
    I drink milk.
    He eats rice.
    We watch soccer together.
    The wood is burning.
    Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).

    We ate some rice and milk.
    I hope to see some sunshine today.
    This meat is good.
    She does not speak much Spanish.
    Do you see any traffic on the road?
    That wine is very old.
    Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).

    [Quiz]

    Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:

    pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood, wine, student View Answers

    wind, milk, furniture, rice, wood, wine, water

    Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.

Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules

Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

The Basic Rules: Count and Noncount Nouns

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat—cats," "season—seasons," "student—students."

A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, "milk," "water," "air," "money," "food." Usually, you can't say, "He had many moneys."

Count and Noncount Nouns with Adjectives

Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray." However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any," "much/many," and "little/few."

Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.

  • "There is some water on the floor."
  • "There are some students here."
  • "Do you have any food?"
  • "Do you have any apples?"

Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns.

  • "We don't have much time to get this done."
  • "Many Americans travel to Europe."

Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns.

  • "He had little food in the house."
  • "The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room."

Few modifies only countable nouns.

  • "There are few doctors in town."
  • "Few students like exams."

Other basic rules

A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.

  • "They have lots of (much) money in the bank."
  • "A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe."
  • "We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer."
  • "We got lots of (much) rain last summer."

A little bit of:A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.

  • "There is a little bit of pepper in the soup."
  • "There is a little bit of snow on the ground."

Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

  • "There is enough money to buy a car."
  • "I have enough books to read."

Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

  • "They have plenty of money in the bank."
  • "There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland."

No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

  • "There is no time to finish now."
  • "There are no squirrels in the park."
Contributors:Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee.
Summary:

This handout discusses the differences between count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.

Count and Noncount Nouns (with Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words)

Section 1: Definition of Count and Noncount nouns

Count or Noncount?

The main difference between count and noncount nouns is whether you can count the things they refer to or not.

Count nouns refer to things that exist as separate and distinct individual units. They usually refer to what can be perceived by the senses.

Examples:

  • table
  • finger
  • bottle
  • chair
  • remark
  • award
  • word
  • girl
  • candidate

Example sentences:

I stepped in a puddle. (How many puddles did you step in? Just one.)

I drank a glass of milk. (Glasses of milk can be counted)

I saw an apple tree. (Apple trees can be counted)

Noncount nouns refer to things that can't be counted because they are thought of as wholes that can't be cut into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have a collective meaning (for example, furniture).

Examples:

  • anger
  • courage
  • progress
  • furniture
  • education
  • weather
  • warmth
  • leisure
  • precision

Example sentences:

I dove into the water. (How many waters did you dive into? The question doesn't make any sense; therefore water is noncountable.)

I saw the milk spill. (How many milks? Milk cannot be counted.)

I admired the foliage. (How many foliages? Foliage cannot be counted.)

Think of the batter from which a cake is made. Before you put the batter into the oven, it can't be divided into parts because it's a thick liquid. Once it has been baked, it becomes solid enough to be cut into pieces. Noncount nouns are like cake batter; count nouns are like pieces of cake

Note: Since the issue is complicated and almost no rule is absolute, there will be exceptions to the above definitions; however, we can show some general patterns. Bear in mind that what is countable in another language may not be countable in English, and vice versa.

Section 2: Uses of Count and Noncount Nouns

Pluralizing

The Rule

From the definitions of mass and count given above you may have already guessed the rule for pluralizing them:

  • most count nouns pluralize with -s
  • noncount nouns don't pluralize at all

This rule works for all of the nouns in the lists of examples in the first section. Check this rule for yourself before reading further.

An Exception to the Rule

For a number of nouns, the rule needs slight revision. Certain nouns in English belong to both classes: they have both a noncount and a count meaning. Normally the noncount meaning is abstract and general and the count meaning concrete and specific. Compare:

Count

  • I've had some difficulties finding a job. (refers to a number of specific problems)
  • The talks will take place in the Krannert building. (refers to a number of specific lectures)
  • The city was filled with bright lights and harsh sounds. (refers to a number of specific lights and noises)

Noncount

  • She succeeded in school with little difficulty. (refers to the general idea of school being difficult)
  • I dislike idle talk. (refers to talking in general)
  • Light travels faster than sound. (refers to the way light and sound behave in general)

Note: A special case of the use of noncount nouns in a count sense has to do with classification. Sometimes a usually noncount noun can be understood as one item separate and distinct from other items of the same category. The nouns that function in this way often denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), wine(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s), and so on. Examples:

  • There are several ________ wines to choose from. (= kinds of wine)
  • I prefer Sumatran coffees to Colombian. (= kinds of coffee)
  • We use a variety of different batters in our bakery. (= kinds of batter)

A recent entry into this class is homework, which at least among some students has the count plural homeworks in addition to its noncount use. (For example, "You're missing three of the homeworks from the first part of the course.") Because this usage is not firmly established and is likely to be considered nonstandard, you should check with your instructor before using it in writing.

A Revision of the Rule

These exceptions require that the rule for pluralizing be revised: count nouns and nouns used in a count sense pluralize; noncount nouns and nouns used in a noncount sense do not.

The two possibilities in each half of the rule require different choices. If you know that a particular noun must be either count or noncount and cannot be both, you need to decide only if it is possible to pluralize the noun. On the other hand, if you know that a particular noun may be used in either a count or noncount sense, then you need to decide whether it is appropriate to pluralize.

To summarize, we may put the rule in a chart, like this:

Pluralizes with -s Doesn't Pluralize
Count Noun XX
Count Use XX
Noncount Noun XX
Noncount Use XX

Articles

Nouns and Articles

Choosing which article to use (if any) with a noun is a complex matter because the range of choices depends on whether the noun in question is 1) count or noncount and 2) singular or plural. Both count nouns (whether singular or plural) and noncount nouns take articles.

Combinations of Nouns and Articles

The following chart shows which articles go with which kinds of nouns. Notice that this, that, these, and those have been included because, like the, they mark the noun that they modify as definite, which means that the noun refers 1) to a unique individual or 2) to some person, event, or object known to both the writer and reader from their general knowledge or from what has been previously mentioned in a piece of writing.

a, an the this, that these, those no article
Count singular XX XX XX
Count plural XX XX XX
Noncount XX XX XX

Examples:

Count Singular:
I ate an apple.
I rode the bus.
Does she live in this house? No, she lives in that house over there.

Count Plural:
I like to feed the birds.
Do you want these books? No, I want those books up there.
Cats are interesting pets.

Noncount:
The water is cold.
This milk is going sour.
Music helps me relax.

Quantity Terms

The following chart shows which quantity words go with which kinds of nouns. Note that quantity words can be used in combinations such as many more, many fewer, much more, and much less, any of which can be preceded by how to form questions or relative clauses. Negatives like not and no can also be applied to many of these terms.

much, less, little, a little, very little some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the many, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, one of the, a couple of each, every, any, one
Count singular XX
Count plural XX XX
Noncount XX XX

Examples:

Count Singular:
I practice every day.
I'd like one donut, please.

Count Plural:
Can I have some chips?
She has a lot of books, and many are autographed.
I have fewer pencils than you.

Noncount:
Can I have some water?
She has a lot of strength, and much is due to her upbringing.
I have less courage than you.

Contributors:Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee.
Summary:

This handout discusses the differences between count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns can be pluralized; noncount nouns cannot.

Count and Noncount Nouns (with Articles and Adjectives)

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. Such nouns can take either singular or plural form.

Concrete nouns may be countable.

There are a dozen flowers in the vase.
He ate an apple for a snack.

Collective nouns are countable.

She attended three classes today.
London is home to several orchestras.

Some proper nouns are countable.

There are many Greeks living in New York.
The Vanderbilts would throw lavish parties at their Newport summer mansion.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. Such nouns take only singular form.

Abstract nouns are uncountable.

The price of freedom is constant vigilance.
Her writing shows maturity and intelligence.

Some concrete nouns are uncountable (when understood in their undivided sense).

The price of oil has stabilized recently.
May I borrow some rice?

While uncountable nouns do not generally take a plural form, sometimes they may be pluralized when used in a countable sense. The difference between the uncountable and countable meanings of nouns that are used in either sense can be seen in the following chart:

Uncountable Sense Countable Sense
Art is often called limitation of
life.
I read a book aout the folkarts of Sweden.
Life is precious. A cat has nine lives.
Religion has been a powerful force in history. Many religions are practiced in the _____ _______.
She has beautiful skin. The hull of a kayak is made of animal skins.
Dr. Moulton is an expert in ancient Greek sculpture. We have several sculptures in our home.
We use only recycled paper in our office. Where are those important papers?

Using Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

A countable noun always takes either the indefinite (a, an) or definite (the) article when it is singular. When plural, it takes the definite article if it refers to a definite, specific group and no article if it is used in a general sense.

The guest of honor arrived late.
You are welcome as a guest in our home.
The guests at your party yesterday made a lot of noise.
Guests are welcome here anytime.

Uncountable nouns never take the indefinite article (a or an), but they do take singular verbs. The is sometimes used with uncountable nouns in the same way it is used with plural countable nouns, that is, to refer to a specific object, group, or idea.

Information is a precious commodity in our computerized world.
The information in your files is correct.
Sugar has become more expensive recently.
Please pass me the sugar.


What are the categories of noncount nouns?

Categories of Uncountable Nouns

Abstract Material Generic Non-Plurals with -s
advice
help
information
knowledge
trouble
work
enjoyment
fun
recreation
relaxation
meat
rice
bread
cake
coffee
ice cream
water
oil
grass
hair
fruit
wildlife
equipment
machinery
furniture
mail
luggage
jewelry
clothing
money
mathematics
economics
physics
civics
ethics
mumps
measles
news
tennis
(other games)

Quantity Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Some, Any

Both words modify either countable or uncountable nouns.

There are some cookies in the jar. (countable)
There is some water on the floor. (uncountable)
Did you eat any food? (uncountable)
Do you serve any vegetarian dishes? (countable)

Much, Many

Much modifies only uncountable nouns.

How much money will we need?
They ate so much cake that they started to feel sick.
Much effort will be required to solve this problem.

Many modifies only countable nouns.

How many children do you have?
They had so many books that they had to stack them in the hall.
Many Americans travel to Europe each year.

A lot of, Lots of

These words are informal substitutes for much and many.

Lots of effort will be required to solve this problem. (uncountable)
A lot of Americans travel to Europe each year. (countable)

Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few

Little and quite a littlemodify only uncountable nouns.

We had a little ice cream after dinner.
They offered little help for my problem. (meaning "only a small amount")
They offered quite a little help for my problem. (meaning "a large amount") (See quite a bit of, below.)

Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.

A few doctors from the hospital play on the softball team.
Few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning "only a small number")
Quite a few restaurants in this town offer vegetarian dishes. (meaning "a large number")

A little bit of, Quite a bit of

These informal phrases usually precede uncountable nouns. Quite a bit of has the same meaning as quite a little and is used more commonly.

There's a little bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a small amount")
There's quite a bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a large amount")

Enough

This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

I don't have enough potatoes to make the soup.
We have enough money to buy a car.

Plenty of

This term modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

There are plenty of mountains in Switzerland.
She has plenty of money in the bank.

No

This word modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

There were no squirrels in the park today.
We have no time left to finish the project.

Count and Noncount Nouns

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

 

A count noun is something we can count. It has a singular form and a plural form.

ex: one book, three books; a leg, two legs; an apple, six apples;

N.B. A singular count noun must have a Determiner .

 

A non-count noun is something we don’t count. It has no plural form.

We use quantifiers before non-count nouns:

ex: fruit, some fruit; bread, a slice of bread; homework; a lot of homework; information, a little information

 

The following are non-count nouns:

 

Abstract nouns:

advice

art

beauty

confidence

courage

crime

education

enjoyment

experience

fun

grammar

happiness

education

hate

 

 

health

help

homework

honesty

hospitality

importance

information

intelligence

justice

knowledge

laughter

life

love

luck

 

music

news

noise

nutrition

patience

patience

pride

progress

slang

time

truth

unemployment

vocabulary

work

 

 

Groups with individual parts

 

cash

change

clothing

equipment

food

fruit

furniture

garbage

 

hardware

homework

jewelry

junk

junk

luggage

machinery

mail

makeup

money

news

postage

research

scenery

slang

traffic

 

Things with no definite form:

 

Liquids

beer

blood

coffee

cream

gasoline

honey

juice

milk

oil

shampoo

soup

tea

water

wine

 

Gases

air

carbon monoxide

fire

fog

hydrogen

oxygen

pollution

smoke

steam

Solids

butter

cheese

cotton

film

flour

glass

ice

ice cream

meat

powder

salt

soap

sugar

toothpaste

wood

wool

 

Things that have tiny parts too small to count

 

corn

dirt

dust

 

grass

hair

rice

salt

sugar

wheat

 

Natural phenomena

 

darkness

dew

electricity

fire

fog

gravity

 

heat

humidity

light

lightning

rain

snow

sunshine

thunder

weather

wind

 

 

Ailments

 

cancer

cholera

flu

 

heart disease

malaria

polio

smallpox

strep throat

 

 

Academic subjects

 

art

biology

chemistry

economics

engineering

 

history

linguistics

literature

mathematics

music

physics

poetry

psychology

science

 

Languages

 

______, Spanish, _______, etc.

 

Words that can be count and non-count

 

Food (non-count)

chicken

lamb

liver

fish

Animal or animal part (count)

a chicken

a lamb

a liver

a fish

non-count

wine

food

fruit

meat

education

experience

count (means "a kind of ___")

a wine, wines

a food, foods

a fruit, fruits

a meat, meats

an education

an experience

non-count

glass (the material)

 

paper (the material)

 

iron (the metal)

fire (the gas)

 

time (an abstract idea)

count

a glass (something to put liquid in)

a paper (a report or newspaper)

an iron (for pressing clothes)

a fire (one specific occurrence of fire)

a time, times (a specific occurrence or period)

 

  

Determiners:

  

 Articles:

 

a/an (indefinite)

the (definite)

 

Demonstratives:

this

that

these

those

Possessives:

 

my

our

yours

their

her

his

its

 

Quantifiers:

 

some

a few

lots of

several

each

every

any

most

many

all

much

no


Determiners signal (“determine”) that a noun will follow.  Unlike adjectives, which also signal that a noun will follow, determiners cannot add the inflectional morphemes -er and -est.  In addition, because they are function words, determiners do not have other forms or synonyms.  Their "meaning" is their function:  to signal that a noun will follow.

The following examples illustrate the difference:

Determiner + noun tea
 

Adjective + noun tea
 

Note that each adjective has a distinct meaning.

In addition, each adjective may add its comparative (-er) and superlative  (-est) form

 

Types of determiners

1.   articles (the hat, a hat, an opera)  

2.  possessive nouns / pronouns (Mary’s hat, her hat)    (more about possessive nouns)

3.  numbers (five hats, eight hats, twenty hats)

4.  indefinite pronouns (each hat ,some hats, both hats  (more about indefinite pronouns)

5.  demonstrative pronouns (that hat, those hats)     (more about demonstrative pronouns)

  

Native speakers of English learn when to use articles with nouns as they learn to speak.

However, learning when to use articles is often difficult for non-native speakers.

  

The difference between article use with town and city illustrates the difficulty:

   

    Correct:  I walked to the town. (article the before town)

    Correct:  I walked to town. (no article before town)

    

    Correct:  I walked to the city. (article the before city)

    Incorrect:  I walked to city. (no article before city)


What are examples of sentences using count nouns and noncount nouns?
Count/Noncount Nouns Test Evaluation

1.__________ students are in the class?
How many of
How many
Correct: How many

2. You don't have __________ about the Internet.
much knowledge
many knowledge
Correct: much knowledge

3. Can you give me __________ information?
a little
a few
Correct: a little

4. Wow, what a large __________ of money!
number
amount
Correct: amount

5. __________ time do you have?
How many
How much
Correct: How much

6. I need _______ things for my new house.
a few
a little
Correct: a few

7. I like to take __________ photos.
much
many
Correct: many

8. Asif Qureshi wants to have __________ children.
much
many
Correct: many

A noun is a person, place, thing or idea.
Remember, a NOUN is a person, place, thing or idea.

Identifying Nouns

1) Kittens and cats make fun pets.
a) kittens, cats, pets
b) kittens, make, pets
c) make, cats, pets
Correct:kittens, cats, pets

2) Terry has a beautiful garden.
a) beautiful, garden
b) Terry, beautiful
c) Terry, garden
Correct:Terry, garden

3) Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.
a) Jack, hill, fetch, pail, water
b) Jack, Jill, hill, pail, water
c) Jack, Jill, hill, fetch, pail, water
Correct:Jack, Jill, hill, pail, water

4) Mr. & Mrs. Ingalls built a little house on the prairie.
a) built, house, prairie
b) Ingalls, little, house, prairie
c) Mr. & Mrs. Ingalls, house, prairie
Correct:Mr. & Mrs. Ingalls, house, prairie

5) I read some very interesting articles in that magazine.
a) I, interesting, articles, magazine
b) articles, magazine
c) magazine
Correct:articles, magazine

6) Shawn plays football every Saturday.
a) football, Saturday
b) Shawn, plays, football, Saturday
c) Shawn, football, Saturday
Correct:Shawn, football, Saturday

7) My cat isn't allowed to sit on the table.
a) cat, table
b) My cat, sit, table
c) cat, allowed, sit, table
Correct:cat, table

8) Where is your book?
a) your, book
b) book
c) Where, your, book
Correct:book

9) The children like ice cream.
a) children, like, ice cream
b) children, ice cream
c) children, cream
Correct:children, ice cream

10) Ms. Mallory is the teacher of English_______.Com.
a) Ms. Mallory, teacher, English______.Com
b) Mallory, teacher
c) Ms. Mallory, English-Zone.Com
Correct:Ms. Mallory, teacher, English_______.Com

Abstract Nouns

What is an abstract noun?
Examples of Abstract Nouns

An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot sense, it is the name we give to an emotion, ideal or idea. They have no physical existence, you can't see, hear, touch, smell or taste them. The opposite of an abstract noun is a concrete noun.

For example:-

Justice; an idea, bravery and happiness are all abstract nouns.

Here is an a-z list of some common abstract nouns:-

adoration artistry        
belief bravery        
calm charity childhood comfort compassion  
dexterity          
ego          
failure faith feelings friendship    
happiness hate honesty hope    
idea impression infatuation      
joy          
law liberty love loyalty    
maturity memory        
omen          
peace pride principle power    
redemption romance        
sadness sensitivity skill sleep success sympathy
talent thrill truth      
wit          

Collective Nouns:Examples and Lists of Collective Nouns

A collective noun is a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things.

Sometimes they refer to a group of specific things:-

For example:-

Tables, chairs, cupboards etc. are grouped under the collective noun furniture.
Plates, saucers, cups and bowls are grouped under the collective noun crockery.

These collective nouns are often uncountable.

Sometimes they are more general:-

For example:-

Groups of people - army, audience, band, choir, class, committee, crew, family, gang, jury, orchestra, police, staff, team, trio

Groups of animals - colony, flock, herd, pack, pod, school, swarm

Groups of things - bunch, bundle, clump, pair, set, stack

When such a group is considered as a single unit, the collective noun is used with a singular verb and singular pronouns.

For example - The committee has reached its decision.

But when the focus is on the individual members of the group, British English uses a plural verb and plural pronouns.

For example - "The committee have been arguing all morning." This is the same as saying "The people in the committe have been ...."

A determiner in front of a singular collective noun is always singular: this committee , never these committee (but of course when the collective noun is pluralized, it takes a plural determiner: these committees ).



Collective nouns are singular in form but plural in sense. Here are some examples of collective nouns:
assembly committee faculty herd
audience crew family jury
class crowd flock team

For purposes of agreement, collective nouns can be singular or plural, depending on how they are used in a sentence. Collective nouns used as one unit take a singular verb; collective nouns that indicate many units take a plural verb.

What is a Common Noun?

A common noun is a word that names people, places, things, or ideas. They are not the names of a single person, place or thing.

A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.

For example:-

People:-

man, girl, boy, mother, father, child, person, teacher, student

Animals:-

cat, dog, fish, ant, snake

Things:-

book, table, chair, phone

Places:-

school, city, building, shop

Ideas:-

love, hate, idea, pride


What is a Compound Noun?

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.

For example:

The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them together they form a new word - toothpaste.

The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them together they form a new word - blackboard.

In both these example the first word modifies or describes the second word, telling us what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the second part identifies the object or person in question.

Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of words:-

Noun + Noun toothpaste
Adjective + Noun monthly ticket
Verb + Noun swimming pool
Preposition + Noun underground
Noun + Verb haircut
Noun + Preposition hanger on
Adjective + Verb dry-cleaning
Preposition + Verb output

The two parts may be written in a number of ways:-

1. Sometimes the two words are joined together.
Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room = bedroom

2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen.
Example: check-in

3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words.
Example: full moon

There's a list of lots of compound words here.

A good dictionary will tell you how you should write each compound noun.


What is a concrete noun?.

A concrete noun is the name of something or someone that we experience through our senses, sight, hearing, smell, touch or taste. Most nouns are concrete nouns. The opposite of a concrete noun is an abstract noun.

For example:-

Cats, dogs, tables, chairs, buses, and teachers are all concrete nouns.


What are countable nouns?
What are uncountable nouns?
What are nouns that can be countable and uncountable?
How are countable nouns preceded?


A noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be "counted", they have a singular and plural form .

For example:

  • A book, two books, three books .....
  • An apple, two apples, three apples ....

Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns or noncount nouns) cannot be counted, they are not seperate objects. This means you cannot make them plural by adding -s, because they only have a singular form. It also means that they do not take a/an or a number in front of them.

For example:

  • Water
  • Work
  • Information
  • Coffee
  • Sand
A countable noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat--cats," "season--seasons," "student--students."

An uncountable noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form. For example, "milk," "water," "air," "food."

Countable
(use a/an or a number in front of countable nouns)
Uncountable
(there is no a/an or number with uncountable nouns)
An Apple / 1 Apple Rice
I eat an apple every day. I eat rice every day. (not I eat a rice every day.)
Add (s) to make a countable noun plural There is no plural form for an uncountable noun
apples rice
I eat an apple every day. Apples are good for you. I eat rice every day. Rice is good for you.
A computer= Computers are fun. To make uncountable nouns countable add a counting word, such as a unit of measurement, or the general word piece. We use the form "a ....... of ......."
An elephant=Elephants are large. Rice=a grain of rice
  Water=a glass of water
  Rain=a drop of rain
  Music=a piece of music
You can use some and any with countable nouns.
Some dogs can be dangerous.
I don't use any computers at work.
You can use some and any with uncountable nouns.
I usually drink some wine with my meal.
I don't usually drink any water with my wine.
You only use many and few with plural countable nouns.
So many elephants have been hunted that they are an endangered species.
There are few elephants in England.
You only use much and little with uncountable nouns.
I don't usually drink much coffee.
Little wine is undrinkable though.
You can use a lot of and no with plural countable nouns.
No computers were bought last week.
A lot of computers were reported broken the week before.
You can use a lot of and no with uncountable nouns.
A lot of wine is drunk in France.
No wine is drunk in Iran.
Making uncountable nouns countable

You can make most uncountable noun countable by putting a countable expression in front of the noun.

For example:-

  • A piece of information.
  • 2 glasses of water.
  • 10 litres of coffee.
  • Three grains of sand.
  • A pane of glass.
Sources of confusion with countable and uncountable nouns

The notion of countable and uncountable can be confusing.

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on their meaning. Usually a noun is uncountable when used in a general, abstract meaning (when you don't think of it as a separate object) and countable when used in a particular meaning (when you can think of it as a separate object).

For example:-

glass - A glass of water. (Countable) | A window made of glass. (Uncountable)

Some supposedly uncountable nouns can behave like countable nouns if we think of them as being in containers, or one of several types.

This is because 'containers' and 'types' can be counted.

Believe it or not each of these sentences is correct:-

Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two coffees a day.
(Here coffees refers to the number of cups of coffee)
You could write; "Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two cups of coffee a day."

The coffees I prefer are __________ and __________.
(Here coffees refers to different types of coffee)
You could write; "The types of coffee I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian."

!Note - In good monolingual dictionaries, uncountable nouns are identified by [U] and countable nouns by [C].

Countable / Uncountable Lesson

Count Nouns
Noncount Nouns

a car (singular)

car

cars (plural)

cars

traffic

traffic

a chair

chair

chairs

chairs

 furniture

furniture

an apple

apple

apples

apples

fruit

fruit

a camera

camera

four cameras

cameras

video equipment

equipment

 

 

 

count nouns use singular and plural verbs and pronouns:
noncount nouns use only singular verbs and pronouns:

There is an apple. (singular)

There are some apples. (plural)

There is some fruit. (singular verb)

I like that chair. ("that" is singular). 

She likes those chairs. ("those" is plural)

I like that furniture.

I like those furniture. (no!)

A car is an expensive thing to own. Cars are an expensive form of transportation.

Traffic was heavy today. (singular verb)
Apples taste good Fruit tastes good.
Digital cameras make photography easy. They are fun to use. TV stations have a lot of video equipment. It is expensive.
The camera is very nice. The equipment are nice. (no!)

 

Asking questions for an amount or a number:

Count Nouns
Noncount Nouns
How many chairs are there? How many chairs are there? How much furniture is there?

There is one chair

chair

There are two chairs

chairs

 There is a lot of furniture

furniture

How many cameras are there? How many cameras are there? How much equipment is there?

There's one camera

camera

There are four cameras

cameras

There's a lot of video equipment

equipment


 

Only count nouns can take a number:

There is one camera. There are four cameras.

Noncount nouns don't use numbers:

There is some equipment. There is a lot of equipment.

Knowing the difference between count and noncount nouns will make your English sound much better. Below are words and phrases that can be used with count and noncount nouns. As you continue through the next levels, you will probably need to come back to this page.

 

count nouns
noncount nouns
a (singular) -- (no article)
the (singular and plural) the
some some
a lot of a lot of
many (large numbers) much (large numbers)
a few (3 to 4) a little (small number)
few (a very small number) little (a very small number)
fewer (comparative) less (comparative)
fewest (superlative) least (superlative)
not many (a small number) not much (a small number)
not any (zero) not any (zero)
Countable Nouns | Uncountable Nouns | Nouns that can be Countable & Uncountable

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

  • dog, cat, animal, man, person
  • bottle, box, litre
  • coin, note, dollar
  • cup, plate, fork
  • table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

  • My dog is playing.
  • My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

  • A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

  • I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
  • Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

  • I like oranges.
  • Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

  • I've got some dollars.
  • Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

  • I've got a few dollars.
  • I haven't got many pens.
"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:
  • There is one person here.
  • There are three people here.
Uncountable Nouns
Nouns that can be Countable & Uncountable

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

  • music, art, love, happiness
  • advice, information, news
  • furniture, luggage
  • rice, sugar, butter, water
  • electricity, gas, power
  • money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

  • This news is very important.
  • Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

  • a piece of news
  • a bottle of water
  • a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

  • I've got some money.
  • Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

  • I've got a little money.
  • I haven't got much rice.

    Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns".
Nouns that can be Countable & Uncountable

Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.

CountableUncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee!hairI don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom.lightClose the curtain. There's too much light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.noiseIt's difficult to work when there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (= newspaper)paperI want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms.roomIs there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party.timeHave you got time for a coffee?
 
WSM Image
Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):
  • Two teas and one coffee please.
What is the word apple?
Is it a countable noun?
Does the word have a plural?
Countable nouns can be preceded by a, an, or a number.
We usually do not use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns.
A or an never precedes a proper noun.
The precedes a non-count noun that names specific members of a category.
What should precede two countable nouns in a sentence?
When do we use the word the in a sentence?
Let's read the book.
I mean a specific book.
Let's read a book.
I mean any book, rather than a specific book.
Both are correct.
What are the sentences that have a proper noun without the word the?
What are the sentences that have proper noun with the word the?

1) Which is not a noun?
yellow dog notebook Colorado face

2) Which is not a noun?
homework day Sunday said airplane

3) Which is not a noun?
computer under pencil dream movie

4) Which is not a noun?
was mother July money idea

5) Which is not a plural noun?
arms clothes gas people rooms

6) Which is a noun?
carry send blue round TV

7) Which is not a proper noun?
Sunday World Cup president INTERLINK North America

8) Which is a proper noun?
beans restaurant Pizza Hut flower brother

9) Which is a noun?
wanted ate and the grammar

10) How many nouns are in the sentence Pat and Ken live with their mother and father?
1 2 3 4 5

Answer:
1. yellow
2. said
3. under
4. was
5. gas
6. TV
7. president
8. Pizza Hut
9. grammar
10. 4

Countable/Uncountable
Multiple Choice Quiz

1. Coffee
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Coffee is uncountable. To make uncountable nouns countable we use "A ..... of " i.e. a spoonful of coffee.

2. Water
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Water is uncountable. To make uncountable nouns countable we use "A ..... of " i.e. a drop of water.

3. A glass of wine
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Although "wine" is uncountable "A glass of wine" is countable.

4. Knife
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Knife is countable. You can count them and make the word knife plural (knives). i.e. "I have four knives"

5. Table
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Table is countable. You can count them and make the word plural (tables). i.e. "I bought two new tables today."

6. Furniture
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Furniture is uncountable. The word "furniture" is the collective noun for tables/chairs/beds etc.

7. Sugar
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Sugar is uncountable. To make uncountable nouns countable we use "A ..... of " i.e. A cube of sugar.

8. Sand
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Sand is uncountable. To make uncountable nouns countable we use "A ..... of " i.e. A grain of sand.

9. Bus
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Bus is countable. You can count them and make the word plural (buses. i.e. "I have to catch two buses to get to work."

10. Traffic
A. Countable
B. Uncountable
Traffic is uncountable. Traffic is the collective noun for cars/buses/lorries etc. on the road.

Count and Noncount Nouns
Count Nouns Count Nouns Noncount Nouns
a car (singular) cars (plural) traffic
a chair chairs furniture
an apple apples fruit
a camera four cameras video equipment
Count and Non-Count Nouns
1. orange
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

2. English
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

3. coffee
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

4. telephone
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

5. furniture
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

6. money
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

7. information
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

8. vocabulary
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

9. ice
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

10. fish
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

11. mail
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

12. forest
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

13. baggage
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

14. letter
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

15. honesty
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

16. hydrogen
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

17. dictionary
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

18. toothbrush
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:count

19. ink
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

20. electricity
A. count
B. non-count
Correct:non-count

What are Proper Nouns?
While a noun names a person, place, thing, or idea a proper noun gets more specific. It gives us the actual name of the person, place, thing, or idea. The actual names of people are proper nouns. So are the names of states, streets, rivers, oceans, companies, institutions, churches, and more. You can see more specific examples below.

Examples of Proper Nouns

One of the easiest ways to fully grasp the meaning of proper nouns is to compare them with common nouns.  A common noun refers to the general names of things.  Look around you and name the items you see.  A desk, a chair, a lamp, a window, a door.

When you go shopping, who do you see?  A man, a child, a salesperson, an attendant, a toddler, a policeman.  These are all general, common nouns.  Now lets compare common nouns to proper nouns.

Common Noun/Proper Noun

  • man/Asif
  • woman/Amy
  • state/California
  • company/Human Services Globe
  • store/Shan
  • restaurant/Shan
  • mountains/Mckinley
  • states/Illinois, France,
  • continents/North America, Africa, Asia, Latin, Australia
  • waitress/Betty
  • chair/La-Z-Boy
  • soldier/Lieutenant Abraham
  • river/the Mississippi River
  • institution/University of Qureshi

Here are some example sentences to further show the difference.

Every man was dressed in uniform but Asif was by far the most dashing.
Man = common noun; Asif = proper noun.
We loved every state on the western coast but California was my favorite.
State = common noun; California = proper noun.
Lieutenant Abraham is a soldier in the ________ Army.
Soldier = common noun; Lieutenant Abraham = proper noun.
When we go to our favorite restaurant, Applebee’s, we always ask for Betty, our favorite waitress.
Restaurant, waitress = common noun; Applebee’s, Betty = proper noun.

 Capitalizing Proper Nouns

The rules for capitalizing proper nouns are pretty simple. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.

However there are times when a word can be used as either a common noun or proper noun and you might get confused as to when you should use the capitalized form. For example, “father” can either be common or proper.

One rule for thumb is that if you are using the word as a title and name it should be capitalized.

“Would you like to have dinner with me, Father?”

See the difference? In the first example the word was used more generally as a common noun. In the second example, the word was used like a name. In this instance the term “father” took the place of the actual name, such as “Bob.”

To make things a little clearer for you, here is a list of proper nouns categories.

  • Holidays: Christmas, New Year’s Day, Hanukkah, Thanksgiving
  • Geographical areas: San Francisco, Europe, Spain, the Nile River
  • People and pets: Mrs. Caroline Jones, Rip Van Winkle, Snoopy
  • Books, Newspapers, Magazines: Wuthering Heights, Atlanta Journal, Southern Living
  • Companies and organizations: Google, ChildFund International, General Electric
  • Religious terms: Christian, Methodist, Hindu, God, Allah
  • Places, buildings: Yellowstone National Park, Empire State Building, Ritz-Carlton
  • Titles: President Bush, King George, Queen Elizabeth, Judge Judy (titles are not capitalized when they’re referred to in general terms.  For example: The criminal appeared before the judge.
  • Languages: English, French, Italian
  • Brand names: Coach, Pepsi, Lucky
  • Possessive Proper Nouns

Creating the possessive form of a proper noun follows the same rule as the possessive of a common noun.  Add ‘s if the word is singular or if the word ends in s just the apostrophe. Plural nouns that end in s get an apostrophe at the end.

  • Mary’s coat
  • United States’ health care program
  • Georgia’s swampland
  • Kansas’ prairie lands

Proper names that end in s are made possessive by adding ‘s:  Charles’s house.  It’s also correct to just add the apostrophe, such as with Jesus’ mother.



Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.

For example:-

Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:-

Asif Qureshi - Amy Derringer ...

The names of companies, organisations or trade marks:-

Human Services Globe - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - WWW

Given or pet names of animals:-

Amy Rustum

The names of cities and states and words derived from those proper nouns:-

Paris - London - New York - England - English

Geographical and Celestial Names:-

the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars

Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-

The Taj Mahal - The Eiffel Tower - Room 222

Historical events, documents, laws, and periods:-

the Civil War - the Industrial Revolution - World War I

Months, days of the week, holidays:-

Monday - Christmas - Eid - December

Religions, deities, scriptures:-

God - Christ - Jehovah - Christianity - Judaism - Islam - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah

Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-

the Nobel __________ - the _____ Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover


Plural Noun Forms

Regular Plurals

The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter 's' to the end of the word .

For example:-

  • minute - minutes

Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding 'es' to the end of the word.

For example:-

  • church - churches | box - boxes | gas - gases | bush - bushes | ass - asses

Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding 'zes' to the end of the word.

For example:-

  • quiz - quizzes

Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding 'es' .

For example:-

  • potato - potatoes | tomato - tomatoes | volcano - volcanoes

However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an 's'.

For example:-

  • photo - photos | piano - pianos | portico - porticos

Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add 'ies'.

For example:-

  • party - parties | lady - ladies

Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add 'ves'.

For example:-

  • calf - calves | half - halves | wolf - wolves

Most words ending in -is, drop the -is and add -es.

For example:-

  • crisis - crises | hypothesis - hypotheses | oasis - oases

Irregular Plurals

There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals.

For example:-

  • child - children | person - people | foot - feet | mouse - mice | tooth - teeth

Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.

For example:-

  • aircraft - aircraft | fish - fish | headquarters - headquarters | sheep - sheep | species - species

Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).

For example:-

  • advice | information | luggage | news

Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were...).

For example:-

  • cattle | scissors | trousers | tweezers | congratulations | pyjamas

Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals.

For example:-

  • ox - oxen | index - indices or indexes

In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.

For example:-

  • court martial - courts martial | ___-in-law - ___s-in-law | passer-by - passers-by

!Note - Some nouns just create controversy. Did you know that the proper plural spelling for roof is rooves and not the more common roofs?


Parts of a Sentence: The Noun Clause

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Some clauses are dependent: they can't stand alone and need an independent clause, or sentence, to support them.

These dependent clauses can be used in three ways: as adjectives, as adverbs and as nouns. This article focuses on noun clauses.

What is a noun clause?

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun.

What words are signs of a noun clause?

Noun clauses most often begin with the subordinating conjunction that. Other words that may begin a noun clause are if, how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, whoever, whom and why.

What can a noun clause do in a sentence?

Since a noun clause acts as a noun, it can do anything that a noun can do. A noun clause can be a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, a subject complement, an object complement or an appositive.

Examples:

Whatever you decide is fine with me.
(subject of the verb is)

With your bouncy personality, I knew that you'd enjoy bungee jumping.
(direct object of the verb knew)

We will give whoever drops by a free Yogalates lesson.
(indirect object of the verb phrase will give)

Lacey talked at length about how she had won the perogy-eating contest.
(object of the preposition about)

The problem is that my GPS is lost.
(subject complement after the linking verb is)

Call me whatever you like; you're still not borrowing my car.
(object complement referring to object me)

Al's assumption that bubble tea was carbonated turned out to be false.
(appositive, explaining noun assumption)

How do noun clauses differ from other dependent clauses?

Other dependent clauses act as adjectives and adverbs. We can remove them and still have a complete independent clause left, with a subject and verb and any necessary complements.

That is not the case with most noun clauses. A clause acting as an indirect object or an appositive may be removable, but other types of noun clauses are too essential to the sentence to be removed. Consider these examples:

Whether you drive or fly is up to you.

I wondered if you would like to go to the barbecue.

Sandy led us to where she had last seen the canoe.

If we remove these noun clauses, what is left will not make much sense:

is up to you

I wondered

Sandy led us to

That is because, in each example, the dependent noun clause forms a key part of the independent clause: it acts as the subject, the direct object, the object of a preposition. Without those key parts, the independent clauses do not express complete thoughts.

A sentence containing a noun clause is thus the one case in which an “independent” clause may actually need a dependent clause to be complete!

When are commas needed with a noun clause?

Noun clauses may need to be set off by one or two commas in the following situations.

Appositives

An appositive is a noun, pronoun, or nominal (a word or word group acting as a noun) that is placed next to a noun to explain it. For example, in the following sentence, the noun phrase the ______ of Riverton is an appositive explaining who John Allen is:

John Allen, the _____ of Riverton, is speaking tonight.

Noun clauses are nominals and can act as appositives. In that case, they may require commas if they are not essential to the meaning of the sentence:

I did not believe his original statement, that he had won the lottery, until he proved it to us.

Here, the words his original statement identify which statement is meant, so the noun clause provides information that is merely additional and not essential.

Compare this sentence to the one below:

I did not believe his statement that he had won the lottery until he proved it to us.

In this case, the noun clause is essential for identifying which statement is meant and therefore takes no commas.

Unusual position

Other than appositives, noun clauses do not normally require commas. However, if the clause is in an unusual position, it may require a comma:

That the work was done on time, we cannot deny.
(object of verb deny—placed first, instead of after verb)

BUT

That the work was done on time is certainly true.
(subject of verb is, in usual position—no comma)

Whatever I say, she argues with.
(object of preposition with—placed first, instead of after preposition)

BUT

Whatever I say seems to annoy her.
(subject of verb seems, in usual position—no comma)

Clarity

As the above examples show, we do not normally use a comma for a noun clause acting as subject at the beginning of the sentence, because that is the usual position for a subject. However, a comma may sometimes be needed to prevent misreading:

Who the owner of this money is, is a mystery.

Whatever property Alexandra still had, had increased greatly in value.

In the above examples, we use a comma to separate the two identical verbs in order to avoid confusion.


Words That Are Both Nouns And Verbs

Can a word be both a noun and a verb?
What’s the difference between nouns and verbs?
Can you create your own funny sentences using the same word as a noun and a verb?
A
access
ache
act
address
aim
alert
answer
arrest
attack
auction

B
back
bail
balance
balloon
ban
bandage
bank
bare
bargain
battle
beam
bear
beat
bend
benefit
blame
blast
bleach
block
bloom
blow
board
bomb
bother
bounce
bow
box
bread
break
breed
broadcast
brush
bump
burn
buy

C
cake
call
camp
care
catch
cause
challenge
change
chant
charge
cheat
check
cheer
chip
claim
clip
cloud
clue
coach
color
comb
comfort
contrast
control
cook
coop
copy
cost
count
cover
crack
crash
crate
credit
crush
cure
curl
curve
cut
cycle

D
dam
damage
dance
deal
decay
decrease
delay
delight
demand
design
dial
die
dislike
display
dive
div___
dock
double
doubt
drain
draw
dream
dress
drill
drink
drive
duck
dump
dust
dye

E
echo
email
end
escape
esteem
estimate
exchange
excuse
exhibit
experience
eye

F
face
fall
favor
fax
fear
feel
fight
file
fill
film
finish
fish
fix
flap
flash
float
flood
floss
flow
flower
fly
fold
fool
force
form
frame
freeze
frown
function

G
garden
gaze
gel
glue
grate
grease
grill
grimace
grin
grip
guarantee
guard
guess
guide

H
hammer
hand
handle
harm
harness
hate
head
heap
heat
help
hide
highlight
hike
hit
hold
hop
hope
hose
hug
humor
hunt
hurry

I
ice
impact
inch
increase
influence
insult
interest
iron
itch

J
jail
jam
joke
judge
jump

K
keep
kick
kiss
knit
knock
knot

L
label
land
last
laugh
lead
leap
level
license
lie
lift
light
limit
link
load
loan
lock
look
love

M
mail
make
man
march
mark
match
mate
matter
mean
measure
milk
mind
mine
miss
mistake
moor
move
mug

N
nail
name
need
nest
notch
note
notice
number

O
object
offer
oil
order

P
pack
pad
paddle
paint
park
part
pass
paste
pause
pat
pay
pedal
peel
pelt
permit
phone
photograph
pick
pine
place
plan
plane
plant
play
plow
plug
point
poke
pop
post
practice
praise
present
process
produce
promise
protest
pull
pump
punch
push

Q
question
quilt
quiz

R
race
rain
raise
rant
rate
reach
reason
record
reign
rent
repair
reply
report
request
rhyme
ring
riot
risk
rock
roll
row
ruin
rule
run

S
sail
sand
saw
scare
scratch
screw
search
season
sense
shampoo
shape
share
shelter
shock
shop
show
sign
signal
silence
sin
sip
skate
sketch
ski
slice
slide
slip
smell
smile
smirk
smoke
snack
snow
sound
span
spot
spray
sprout
squash
stain
stamp
stand
star
start
state
steer
step
sting
stop
store
storm
stress
strip
stroke
struggle
study
stuff
stunt
suit
supply
support
surf
surprise
swap
swing
swivel

T
tack
talk
taste
tear
tease
telephone
test
thunder
thought
tick
tie
time
tip
tire
toast
touch
tour
tow
trace
track
trade
train
transport
trap
travel
treat
trick
trim
trust
tug
turn
twist
type

U
upstage
use

V
vacuum
value
visit
voice
vote

W
walk
waltz
wake
watch
water
wave
wear
whip
whisper
whistle
wick
wink
wire
wish
work
worry
wrap
wreck

Y
yawn
yield

Z
zone
Rules for Irregular Plural Formation of Nouns

The majority of nouns in English spell their plural by simply adding a final -s. Nouns that are noncount or abstract (e.g., cheese, sugar, honesty, intelligence) generally take a singular verb, but in some instances can be plural, in which case they follow the rules for plural based on their spelling. Also, there are some categories of words which are only plural, even though their spelling does not reflect this. They are included in a list at the end of this page. For irregular count nouns and nouns that have been borrowed from other languages, the rules are as follows:
Variations of the final -s rule:

  • Nouns that end with -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch 
    • Add -es

      glass/glasses, buzz/buzzes, box/boxes, bush/bushes, switch/switches
       

  • Nouns that end in -o 

    • Add -es

      potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes

      exceptions: studio/studios, piano/pianos, kangaroo/kangaroos, zoo/zoos

      either: buffalo/buffalo(e)s, cargo/cargo(e)s, motto/motto(e)s, 

      volcano/volcano(e)s

  • Nouns that end in a consonant + -y 

    • Change -y to -i and add -es

      baby/babies, spy/spies, poppy/poppies

  • Nouns that end in -f, or -fe 

    • Change the -f to -v and add -es

      shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, wife/wives
    Nouns adopted from other languages:
    • Singular ends in -is 

      • Plural ends in -es

        analysis/analyses, basis/bases

    • Singular ends in -um 

      • Plural ends in -a

        datum/data, curriculum/curricula

    • Singular ends in -on 

      • Plural ends in -a

        criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena

    • Singular ends in -a 

      • Plural ends in -ae

        formula/formulae, antenna/antennae

    • Singular ends in -ex or -ix 

      • Plural ends in -ices

        appendix/appendices, index/indices

    • Singular ends in -us 

      • Plural ends in -i

        focus/foci, stimulus/stimuli

    • Singular ends in -us 

      • Plural ends in -a

        corpus/corpora, genus/genera

    • Singular ends in -eau 

      • Plural ends in -eaux

        bureau/bureaux, beau/beaux

    Nouns that have only a plural form and so take a plural verb
    • Things that come in pairs 

      • Tools: glasses, scissors, binoculars, forceps, tongs, tweezers

        Clothes: jeans, pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers

    • Nouns that end in -s but have no singular (aggregate nouns) 

      • accommodations, amends, archives, arms (weapons), bowels, intestines, 

        brains (intellect), clothes, communications, congratulations, contents, 

        stairs, thanks, goods

    • Nouns that are plural but do not end in -s 

      • people, police, cattle, people




    Irregular Nouns

    SINGULAR
    PLURAL
    alumnus alumni
    analysis analyses
    antenna antennae/antennas
    appendix appendices
    axis axes
    bacterium bacteria
    basis bases
    beau beaux
    bureau bureaux/bureaus
    child children
    corpus corpora/corpuses
    crisis crises
    criterion criteria
    curriculum curricula
    datum data
    deer deer
    diagnosis diagnoses
    ellipsis ellipses
    fish fish
    focus foci/focuses
    foot feet
    formula formulae/formulas
    fungus fungi/funguses
    genus genera
    goose geese
    hypothesis hypotheses
    index indices/indexes
    louse lice
    man men
    matrix matrices
    means means
    medium media
    mouse mice
    nebula nebulae
    nucleus nuclei
    oasis oases
    ox oxen
    paralysis paralyses
    parenthesis parentheses
    phenomenon phenomena
    radius radii
    series series
    sheep sheep
    species species
    stimulus stimuli
    stratum strata
    synthesis syntheses
    synopsis synopses
    tableau tableaux
    thesis theses
    tooth teeth
    vertebra vertebrae
    vita vitae
    woman women

    What is a noun phrase?

    The Noun Phrase

    Recognize a noun phrase when you see one.

    A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it.

    You can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.

    Modifiers can come before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.

    Articles: a dog, the dog

    Possessive nouns: Aunt Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer's dog

    Possessive pronouns: Our dog, her dog, their dog

    Adjectives: That dog, the big dog, the spotted dog

    Participles: The drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog

    Modifiers that come after the noun might include prepositional phrases, adjective clauses, participle phrases, and/or infinitives.

    Prepositional phrases: A dog on the loose, the dog in the front seat, the dog behind the fence

    Adjective clauses: The dog that chases cats, the dog that looks lost, the dog that won the championship

    Participle phrases: The dog whining for a treat, the dog clipped at the grooming salon, the dog walked daily

    Infinitives: The dog to catch, the dog to train, the dog to adopt

    Less frequently, a noun phrase will have a pronoun as its base—a word like we, everybody, etc.—and the modifiers which distinguish it. Read these examples:

    We who were green with envy

    We = subject pronoun; who were green with envy = modifier.

    Someone intelligent

    Someone = indefinite pronoun; intelligent = modifier.

    No one important

    No one = indefinite pronoun; important = modifier.


    What is a phrase?

    A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.

    What is a clause?

    A clause is a grammatical unit that
    * includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied subject, and
    * expresses a proposition.

    * What is an adverbial clause?
    * What is a coordinate clause?
    * What is an equative clause?
    * What is an existential clause?
    * What is a final clause?
    * What is a finite clause?
    * What is a main clause?
    * What is a marking clause?
    * What is a medial clause?
    * What is a nominal clause?
    * What is a nonfinite clause?
    * What is a reference clause?
    * What is a relative clause?
    * What is a subordinate clause?
    In most cases the adjectives are placed before the noun.
    What is the correct order for two or more adjectives?
    Know how to punctuate a series of adjectives.
    To describe a noun fully, you might need to use two or more adjectives. Sometimes a series of adjectives requires commas, but sometimes it doesn't. What makes the difference?

    If the adjectives are coordinate, you must use commas between them. If, on the other hand, the adjectives are noncoordinate, no commas are necessary. How do you tell the difference?

    Coordinate adjectives can pass one of two tests. When you reorder the series or when you insert and between them, they still make sense.

    The order of multiple adjectives in a sentence.

    In English, most cases the adjectives come before the nouns.

    There is a specific order in a sentence when using more then one adjective.

    Determiner and Quantities - a, an, her, five, many, much several etc.

    Opinion - pretty, ugly, smart, cheap, etc.

    Size - big, fat, thin, tall, large, small etc.

    Shape - circle, square, tall, etc.

    Age - old, young 10 years, a year, a week, new etc.

    Color - yellow, green, pink etc.

    Origin - American, English, Asian, Middle Eastern, African etc.

    Material - cotton, wood, plastic, cloth, glass, gold etc.

    Purpose - the reason that something is needed ( example hat box, sleeping bag, computer table).



    What is a Noun Clause?
    How do you make a noun clause?
    How to form a Noun Clause
    When to use a Noun Clause

    What is a Noun Clause?
    A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

    Noun clauses have a simple structure:

    Noun Clause Word + subject + verb + the rest of the sentence
    that + they + are (both) quitting + their jobs
    that + she + is telling + the truth
    what + I + am going to wear + to the wedding
    if + the meeting + has been cancelled + ...

    However, just like nouns, noun clauses are not complete sentences all by themselves. As we saw in the previous section, a noun clause is used as either the subject of a sentence or an object. That means that you need additional words to form a complete sentence.

    Noun Clauses as Subjects

    If the noun clause is acting as the subject of the sentence, then you still need a verb (and possibly other words) to make a complete sentence.

    For example:

    That she is telling the truth should be obvious to everyone.

    In this sentence, the noun clause, "That she is telling the truth," is the subject of the sentence. We make a complete sentence by adding the verb, "should be" and the other words, "obvious to everyone."

    Noun Clauses as Objects

    While noun clauses can serve as the subjects of a sentence, they usually serve as objects. When they are objects, you need to have a subject and verb in order to make a complete sentence.

    For example:

    I need to know if the meeting has been cancelled.

    In this sentence, the noun clause, "if the meeting has been cancelled," is the object of the verb, "need to know." We make a complete sentence by having a subject and verb, "I need to know," before the object.

    Punctuation and Noun Clauses

    Because the noun clause only serves as the subject or object, it is only one part of the sentence. You need to look at the whole sentence to know if it is a question or a statement. This will show you what punctuation to use.

    If we look at our last example:

    I need to know if the meeting has been cancelled.

    You can see that the noun clause is like a question. However, the subject and verb are in statement order, so you use a period (.) to end the sentence.

    If the subject and verb form a question, then you will use a question mark (?) at the end of the sentence. For example:

    Do you know if the meeting has been cancelled?

    Where is the post office?
    Could you tell me where the post office is?

    When does the next bus come?
    Do you know when the next bus comes?

    Who is that man over there?
    Can you tell me who that man over there is?

    Directions: Combine the two sentences into one sentence using a noun clause.
    1) Where is the __________?
    Could you please tell me

    2) What time does the next bus come?
    Can you tell me

    3) Where did Sara go last night?
    Do you know

    4) Where is the nearest supermarket?
    Could you please tell me

    5) Why is the Mona Lisa smiling?
    Do you know

    6) Whom did you speak to earlier?
    Could you please tell me

    7) What is the teacher's name?
    Can you tell me

    8) Where are my keys?
    Do you know

    9) Where do you live, little girl?
    Can you tell me

    10) How do you make a noun clause?
    Could you explain


    What are the sentences that have proper noun with the word the?
    Here are further guidelines.

    Noun Clauses

    See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

    A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

    A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

    There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

    This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.


    A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

    A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

    What Billy did shocked his friends.

    A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

    Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

    A noun clause can be a subject complement:

    Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

    A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

    Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

    A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

    Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

    B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

    To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

    I know + Billy made a mistake =

    I know that Billy made a mistake.

    To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

    George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

    George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

    To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

    I don’t know + Where is George? =

    I don’t know where George is.

    C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

    that

    if, whether

    Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

    Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

    D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

    correct:

    Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

    correct:

    Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

    correct:

    Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

    correct:

    Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

    correct:

    That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

    not correct:

    * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

    E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

    not correct:

    * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

    correct:

    Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

    not correct:

    * Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

    correct:

    Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

    F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

    When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

    future if its action/state is later

    He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

    He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

    present if its action/state is at the same time

    He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

    past if its action/state is earlier

    He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

    When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

    was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

    He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

    He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

    past if its action/state is at the same time

    He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

    past perfect if its action/state is earlier

    He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

    If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

    The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

    If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

    We learned that English is not easy.

    The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

    G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

    Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

    That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

    Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

    What Mary said confused her parents.

    However you learn to spell is OK with me.

    Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

    We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

    We didn’t know Billy would jump.

    Can you tell me if Fred is here?

    I don’t know where he is.

    George eats whatever is on his plate.

    Noun clauses as subject complements:

    The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

    The truth is Billy was not very smart.

    The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

    The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

    Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

    Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

    He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

    Noun clauses as adjective complements:

    He is happy that he is learning English.

    We are all afraid that the _____ _____ will be __________.


    To refresh your memory, a noun clause as an object might look like this:
    Intro/Independent Noun Clause/Dependent
    Subject Verb Object
    He knows that noun clauses are difficult.
    noun-clause-Intro.pdf

    Possessive Nouns

    A possessive noun is a noun that names who or what has something.

    Add an apostrophe and s ('s) to form the possessive of most singular nouns.

    Add an apostrophe (') to form the possessive of plural nouns that end with s.

    Add an apostrophe and s ('s) to form the possessive of plural nouns that do not end with s.

    Identify the possessive noun in each sentence. If the noun is singular, write S in the blank beside the number. If it is plural, write P.

    1. The clerk put my parents' luggage on the conveyor belt.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    2. The attendants' uniforms were blue and gold.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    3. The child's mother sat next to an empty seat.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    4. The captain's voice came over the loudspeaker.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    5. The attendant's instructions for an emergency landing were easy to understand.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    6. The attendant heated the baby's bottle.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    7. The ground crews' jobs were difficult in the stormy weather.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    8. The coach started the boys' race.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    9. Emilio borrowed Wendy's ruler.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    10. The scientists' convention met yesterday.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    11. The volunteers' program needs people.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    12. The motorist's car skidded on the ice.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    13. The agent's company sold property.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    14. Mother's dinner begins at six o'clock.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular
    15. The __________'s group praised the law.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:plural
    16. The pupil's workbook had few errors.
    singular
    plural
    Correct:singular

    THE POSSESSIVE WITH 'S AND '

    FORMING THE POSSESSIVE WITH 'S AND '

    Possession is often indicated in English by adding 's or ' at the end of the noun indicating the possessor.

    John owns a car. ('John' is the possessor)
    It is John's car.
    ______ is the _____ of Peter.
    ______ is Peter's _____.

    Examples:
    The car of John = John's car.
    The house of Simon = Simon's house.
    The room of the girls = The girls' room.
    The jobs for men = The men's jobs.
    The sister of Charles = Charles' sister.
    The boat of the sailors = The sailors' boat.


    Using 's and '

    1.Singular nouns take 's
    2.irregular plurals take 's

    1.The car of John = John's car.
    2.The dresses of the women = The women's dresses

    3.Nouns ending in s (plural or singular take '

    3.The sister of Charles = Charles' sister
    4.The boat of the sailors = The sailors' boat.
    5.The teacher of the students = The students' teacher.
    6.The fortune of Howard Hughes= Howard Hughes' fortune.

    What is a predicate noun?
    Predicate is the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers. The meaning or definition of a Predicate noun is as follows:
    A predicate noun is used to predicate a description or identification of the subject.

    A predicate noun follows a form of the verb "to be".
    He is an idiot. (Here idiot is a predicate noun because it follows is; a form of the verb "be".)

    Noun as Adjective

    How do we write the "noun as adjective"?
    How do we say the "noun as adjective"?
    Can we have more than one "noun as adjective"?

    How do we write the "noun as adjective"?
    We write the "noun as adjective" and the real noun in several different ways:
    * two separate words (car door)
    * two hyphenated words (book-case)
    * one word (bathroom)

    There are no easy rules for this. We even write some combinations in two or all three different ways: (head master, head-master, headmaster)

    How do we say the "noun as adjective"?
    For pronunciation, we usually stress the first word:
    * shoe shop
    * boat-race
    * bathroom

    Can we have more than one "noun as adjective"?
    Yes. Just like adjectives, we often use more than one "noun as adjective" together. Look at these examples:
    England(noun as adjective) football(noun as adjective) team(noun as adjective) coach(noun)


    What's the difference between a gerund and a participle?
    A gerund is a form of a verb used as a noun, whereas a participle is a form of verb used as an adjective or as a verb in conjunction with an auxiliary verb.

    In English, the present participle has the same form as the gerund, and the difference is in how they are used. When used with an auxiliary verb ("is walking"), it serves as a verb and is the present participle. When used as an adjective ("a walking contradiction") it is also a participle. However, when used as a noun ("walking is good for you"), it is a gerund.

    A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. It can follow a preposition, adjective and most often another verb.

    For example:

    • I enjoy walking.


    Do you think any other questions need to be added?

    English Language and Mathematics
    The English language has mathematical answers.
    You are expected to give a mathematical answer.
    How many letters or symbols of the alphabet are there in the English language?
    How many types of English language sentences are there?
    How many types of questions are there?
    How many types of declarative sentences are there?
    How many types of simple declarative sentence are there?
    How many classes of words or parts of speech are there?
    How many English language abilities are there?
    How many tenses are there in the English language?
    How many types of English-language documents are there?
    What are various examples?
    Would you like to join me in enhancing the English language?
    How does the English language have mathematical answers?

    These questions and answers will make you understand.

    How many letters or symbols of the alphabet are there in the English language?
    26.

    How many types of English language sentences are there?
    4.

    What are various examples?
    1. Question.
    2. Declarative sentence.
    3. Imperative sentence.
    4. Exclamatory sentence.

    How many types of questions are there?
    4

    What are various examples?
    1. Question word question.
    2. Yes/no question.
    3. Choice question.
    4. Tag question.

    How many types of declarative sentences are there?
    4.

    What are various examples?
    1. Simple declarative sentence.
    2. Compound declarative sentence.
    3. Complex declarative sentence.
    4. Complex compound declarative sentence.

    How many types of simple declarative sentence are there?
    9.

    How many classes of words or parts of speech are there?
    8.

    What are various examples?
    1. Adjective
    2. Adverb
    3. Conjunction
    4. Interjection
    5. Noun
    6. Pronoun
    7. Preposition
    8. Verb

    What makes one page?
    300 words.

    How many English language abilities are there?

    Four

    What are the various examples?

    Listening or understanding
    Speaking
    Reading
    Writing

    How many tenses are there in the English language?

    12

    What are they?

    1. Present simple
    2. Present continuous
    3. Present perfect simple
    4. Present perfect continuous
    5. Past simple
    6. Past continuous
    7. Past perfect simple
    8. Past perfect continuous
    9. Future simple
    10. Future continuous
    11. Future perfect simple
    12. Future perfect continuous

    How many types of English-language documents are there?

    There are more than 35 types of English-language documents.

    What are various examples?

    http://www.qureshiuniversity.com/documenttypes.html

    When do you conclude it isn't an English language?
    If the alphabet is fewer or more than twenty six letters.
    If the alphabet doesn't go from A to Z.
    If the parts of speech are fewer or more than eight.
    If it doesn't contain standard recognized English language words.
    If the difference between a question and an answer isn't clear.
    If the words aren't arranged in proper sequence so as to differentiate between types and kinds of sentences.

    Would you like to join me in enhancing the English language?

    Analysis of English language documents.

    Here are further guidelines.


    English Editing Service
    Here are further guidelines.

    English Editing Service
    Here are further guidelines.

    Prepositions - 'On,' 'At,' 'In'
    A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence.

    Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.

    to the office
    at the desk
    on the table
    in an hour
    about myself

    A preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.

    Here are a few common prepositions and examples.

    On

    Used to express a surface of something:

    I put an egg on the kitchen table.
    The paper is on my desk.
    Used to specify days and dates:

    The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays.
    I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988.
    Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer:

    He is on the phone right now.
    She has been on the computer since this morning.
    My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.
    Used to indicate a part of the body:

    The stick hit me on my shoulder.
    He kissed me on my cheek.
    I wear a ring on my finger.
    Used to indicate the state of something:

    Everything in this store is on sale.
    The building is on fire.

    Used to point out specific time:

    I will meet you at 12 p.m.
    The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m.
    Used to indicate a place:

    There is a party at the club house.
    There were hundreds of people at the park.
    We saw a baseball game at the stadium.
    Used to indicate an email address:

    Please email me at admin@qureshiuniversity.com.
    Used to indicate an activity:

    He laughed at my acting.
    I am good at drawing a portrait.

    In

    Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:

    She always reads newspapers in the morning.
    In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks.
    The new semester will start in March.

    Used to indicate a location or place:

    She looked me directly in the eyes.
    I am currently staying in a hotel.
    My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.

    Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:

    This painting is mostly in blue.v The students stood in a circle.
    This jacket comes in four different sizes.
    Used to express while doing something:

    In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.
    A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.
    Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:
    I believe in the next life.
    We are not interested in gambling.

    [Quiz]

    Identify all prepositions in the following sentences.

    After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.

    After flying (for) many hours, we finally got (off) the airplane. We walked (out) the exit and went (to) the baggage claim area. There were hundreds (of) different bags (on) the conveyer belt. I almost picked (up) the wrong one because it looked (like) mine.

    [Quiz]

    Choose a correct preposition in the sentence.

    1)I want to lose 5 kilogram (on, at, in) one month.
    2)Could you get me this pants (on, at, in) a larger size?
    3)She seems to be interested (on, at, in) Psychology.
    4)I will come to pick you up (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow.
    5)This class will be held (on, at, in) Mondays.

    View Answers

    1) in
    2) in
    3) in
    4) at
    5) on

    Further Readings.
    Here are further guidelines.

    Books
    English language books
    Title Cover Image ISBN
    English language documents. 978-0-9906983-0-2
    English language dictionary. 978-0-9906983-1-9
    English language glossary Book. 978-0-9906983-2-6
    English language grammar Book. 978-0-9906983-3-3
    English language human resources. 978-0-9906983-4-0
    English language reading guidelines. 978-0-9906983-5-7
    English language speaking guidelines. 978-0-9906983-6-4
    English language translation from other languages. 978-0-9906983-7-1
    English language word Book. 978-0-9906983-8-8
    English language writing guidelines. 978-0-9906983-9-5

    What are examples of various states in various continents around the world?

    North American States

    1. Alabama (AL)

    2. Alaska (AK)

    3. Arizona (AZ)

    4. Arkansas (AR)

    5. Alberta (AB)

    6. British Columbia (BC)

    7. California (CA)

    8. Colorado (CO)

    9. Connecticut (CT)

    10. Delaware (DE)

    11. Florida (FL)

    12. Georgia (GA)

    13. Hawaii (HI)

    14. Idaho (ID)

    15. Illinois (IL)

    16. Indiana (IN)

    17. Iowa (IA)

    18. Kansas (KS)

    19. Kentucky (KY)

    20. Louisiana (LA)

    21. Maine (ME)

    22. Maryland (MD)

    23. Massachusetts (MA)

    24. Michigan (MI)

    25. Minnesota (MN)

    26. Mississippi (MS)

    27. Missouri (MO)

    28. Montana (MT)

    29. Manitoba (MB)

    30. Mexico (MX)

    31. Nebraska (NE)

    32. Nevada (NV)

    33. New Hampshire (NH)

    34. New Jersey (NJ)

    35. New Mexico (NM)

    36. New York (NY)

    37. North Carolina (NC)

    38. North Dakota (ND)

    39. New Brunswick (NB)

    40. Newfoundland and Labrador (NL)

    41. Northwest Territories (NT)

    42. Nova Scotia (NS)

    43. Nunavut (NU)

    44. Ohio (OH)

    45. Oklahoma (OK)

    46. Oregon (OR)

    47. Ontario (ON)

    48. Pennsylvania (PA)

    49. Prince Edward Island (PE)

    50. Quebec (QC)

    51. Rhode Island (RI)

    52. South Carolina (SC)

    53. South Dakota (SD)

    54. Saskatchewan (SK)

    55. Tennessee (TN)

    56. Texas (TX)

    57. Utah (UT)

    58. Vermont (VT)

    59. Virginia (VA)

    60. Washington (WA)

    61. West Virginia (WV)

    62. Wisconsin (WI)

    63. Wyoming (WY)

    64. Yukon (YT)
      Asian States

    65. Albania

    66. Andorra

    67. Armenia

    68. Austria

    69. Azerbaijan

    70. Arkhangelsk Oblast

    71. Anhui Province

    72. Afghanistan

    73. Assam

    74. Arunachal Pradesh

    75. Andhra Pradesh

    76. Andaman and Nicober Islands

    77. Bangladesh

    78. Bhutan

    79. Brunei

    80. Belarus

    81. Belgium

    82. Bosnia and Herzegovina

    83. Bulgaria

    84. Bihar

    85. Bahrain

    86. Chechnya

    87. Croatia

    88. Cyprus

    89. Czech Republic

    90. Cambodia

    91. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

    92. Chhattisgarh

    93. Daman and Diu

    94. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

    95. Denmark

    96. England

    97. Estonia

    98. East Timor

    99. Finland

    100. Fujian Province

    101. France

    102. Gujarat

    103. Goa

    104. Georgia

    105. Germany

    106. Gibraltar

    107. Greece

    108. Gansu Province

    109. Guangdong Province

    110. Guangxi Province

    111. Guizhou

    112. Heilongjiang

    113. Hong Kong

    114. Hubei

    115. Hainan Province

    116. Henan Province

    117. Hunan Province

    118. Himachal Pradesh

    119. Hungary

    120. Inner Mongolia

    121. Indonesia

    122. Iran

    123. Iraq

    124. Iceland

    125. Ireland

    126. Italy

    127. Islamabad

    128. Japan

    129. Jeddah

    130. Jiangxi Province

    131. Jordan

    132. Jiangsu

    133. Jiangxi

    134. Jilin

    135. Jharkhand

    136. Kashmir

    137. Karnataka

    138. Kerala

    139. Kazakhstan

    140. Korea - North

    141. Korea - South

    142. Kyrgyzstan

    143. Kuwait

    144. Kaliningrad Oblast

    145. Lakshadweep

    146. Latvia

    147. Liechtenstein

    148. Lithuania

    149. Luxembourg

    150. Laos

    151. Lebanon

    152. Liaoning Province

    153. Liaoning

    154. Manipur

    155. Mizoram

    156. Maharashtra

    157. Madhya Pradesh

    158. Meghalaya

    159. Malaysia

    160. Maldives

    161. Magadan Oblast

    162. Mongolia

    163. Myanmar

    164. Macedonia

    165. Malta

    166. Medina

    167. Mecca

    168. Moldova

    169. Monaco

    170. Montenegro

    171. NCT of Delhi

    172. Nagaland

    173. Netherlands

    174. Northern Ireland

    175. Norway

    176. Ningxia

    177. Nepal

    178. Oman

    179. Orissa

    180. Puducherry

    181. Punjab

    182. Peshawar

    183. Philippines

    184. Poland

    185. Portugal

    186. Palestine

    187. Qinghai Province

    188. Qinghai

    189. Qatar

    190. Rajasthan

    191. Romania

    192. Sikkim

    193. Syria

    194. Singapore

    195. Sri Lanka

    196. Scotland

    197. Serbia

    198. Slovakia

    199. Slovenia

    200. Spain

    201. Sweden

    202. Switzerland

    203. Shaanxi Province

    204. Shandong

    205. Shanxi

    206. Sichuan

    207. Taiwan

    208. Tajikistan

    209. Thailand

    210. Tibet

    211. Tripura

    212. Tamil Nadu

    213. Turkey

    214. Turkmenistan

    215. Ukraine

    216. Uzbekistan

    217. Uttarakhand

    218. United Arab Emirates

    219. Uttar Pradesh

    220. Vietnam

    221. Vatican City

    222. Wales

    223. West Bengal

    224. Xinjiang

    225. Yunnan

    226. Yemen

    227. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

    228. Zhejiang
      Africa

    229. Algeria

    230. Angola

    231. Burundi

    232. Benin

    233. Burkina Faso

    234. Botswana

    235. Cape Verde

    236. Côte d'Ivoire

    237. Comoros

    238. Cameroon

    239. Central African Republic

    240. Chad

    241. Canary Islands

    242. Ceuta

    243. Democratic Republic of the Congo

    244. Djibouti

    245. Egypt

    246. Eritrea

    247. Ethiopia

    248. Equatorial Guinea

    249. Gabon

    250. Gambia

    251. Ghana

    252. Guinea

    253. Guinea-Bissau

    254. Kenya

    255. Liberia

    256. Lesotho

    257. Madagascar

    258. Malawi

    259. Mauritius

    260. Mayotte

    261. Mozambique

    262. Mali

    263. Mauritania

    264. Madeira

    265. Melilla

    266. Morocco

    267. Niger

    268. Nigeria

    269. Namibia

    270. Réunion

    271. Rwanda

    272. Republic of the Congo

    273. Săo Tomé and Príncipe

    274. Saint Helena

    275. Senegal

    276. Sierra Leone

    277. Seychelles

    278. Somalia

    279. South Africa

    280. Swaziland

    281. South Sudan

    282. Sudan

    283. Tanzania

    284. Togo

    285. Tunisia

    286. Uganda

    287. Western Sahara

    288. Zambia

    289. Zimbabwe
      Australia

    290. Northern Territory

    291. South Australia

    292. Queensland

    293. New South Wales

    294. Victoria (Australia)

    295. Western Australian

    296. Tasmania

    297. New Zealand
      Latin

    298. Acre (Asif Province)

    299. Alagoas

    300. Amapá

    301. Amazonas

    302. Bahia

    303. Buenos Aires Province

    304. Ceará

    305. Chubut Province

    306. Córdoba Province

    307. Goiás

    308. Bolivia

    309. Chile

    310. Colombia

    311. Ecuador

    312. Falkland Islands

    313. French Guiana

    314. Guyana

    315. Paraguay

    316. Peru

    317. Río Negro

    318. Santa Cruz

    319. Santa Fe Province

    320. Salta Province

    321. South Georgia

    322. Suriname

    323. Uruguay

    324. Venezuela